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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Awareness Postoperative interview1 · patients with decreasing recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.04, 0.43] | 2 studies · 858 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects of intraoperative wakefulness and/or postoperative awareness (i.e. post‐traumatic stress syndrome, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, etc.) · patients with decreasing recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anaesthesia depth monitors (BIS and M‐entropy) vs standard clinical and electronic monitoring Adverse effects of intraoperative wakefulness and/or postoperative awareness (i.e. post‐traumatic stress syndrome, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, etc.) · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anaesthesia depth monitors (BIS) vs standard clinical and electronic monitoring Awareness: definite and possible Postoperative interview · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 [0.35, 2.65] | 5 studies · 34181 participants | Low |
Anaesthesia depth monitors (BIS) vs standard clinical and electronic monitoring Awareness: definite Postoperative interview · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.6 [0.13, 2.75] | 5 studies · 34181 participants | Low |
Anaesthesia depth monitors (BIS) vs standard clinical and electronic monitoring Adverse effects of intraoperative wakefulness and/or postoperative awareness (i.e. post‐traumatic stress syndrome, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, etc.) · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intraoperative Wakefulness Postoperative Interview · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.09, 0.41] | 3 studies · 141 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects of intraoperative wakefulness and/or postoperative awareness (i.e. post‐traumatic stress syndrome, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, etc.) · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Thiopentone and ketamine vs benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam) Awareness Postoperative interview · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.02, 0.25] | 4 studies · 291 participants | Very low |
Thiopentone and ketamine vs benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam) Adverse effects of intraoperative wakefulness and/or postoperative awareness (i.e. post‐traumatic stress syndrome, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, etc.) · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR High‐intensity pain with lidocaine admixture Pain scales · Adult participants receiving propofol for induction of anaesthesia Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.19 [0.15, 0.25] | 31 studies · 4927 participants | High |
Intervention NR High‐intensity pain with lidocaine pretreatment Pain scales · Adult participants receiving propofol for induction of anaesthesia Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.13 [0.1, 0.18] | 41 studies · 3918 participants | High |
Intervention NR Incidence of pain with lidocaine admixture Pain scales · Adult participants receiving propofol for induction of anaesthesia Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.19 [0.15, 0.24] | 36 studies · 5628 participants | High |
Intervention NR Incidence of pain with lidocaine pretreatment Pain scales · Adult participants receiving propofol for induction of anaesthesia Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.14 [0.11, 0.18] | 50 studies · 4722 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse effects Events · Adult participants receiving propofol for induction of anaesthesia Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 32 studies · 4007 participants | Low |
Any intervention vs control Postoperative pain ‐ · adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 38 studies · 2713 participants | Low |
Any intervention vs control Behavioural recovery ‐ · adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1441 participants | Very low |
Any intervention vs control Length of stay in hospital (days) · adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 36 studies · 3313 participants | Low |
Any intervention vs control Negative affect ‐ · adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 studies · 2496 participants | Low |
Active body surface warming systems vs control Infection and complications of the surgical wound · adults undergoing surgery Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.2, 0.66] | 3 studies · 589 participants | Low |
Active body surface warming systems vs control Major cardiovascular complications (cardiovascular death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, non‐fatal stroke, and non‐fatal cardiac arrest) · adults undergoing surgery Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 1] | 1 study · 300 participants | Low |
Active body surface warming systems vs control All‐cause mortality · adults undergoing surgery Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.26, 4] | 2 studies · 500 participants | Low |
Active body surface warming systems vs control Participants transfused · adults undergoing surgery Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.5, 1.23] | 8 studies · 621 participants | Moderate |
Active body surface warming systems vs control Chills/shivering · adults undergoing surgery Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0 | 29 studies · 1922 participants | High |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade 30‐day mortality · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.39, 4.24] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade VAS scores at 48 hours (on coughing/after physiotherapy) Score from 0 ‐ 10 · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 126 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade Failure of technique (Number of participants) · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.09, 0.86] | 4 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade Cardiovascular complications · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.01, 6.62] | 2 studies · 114 participants | Low |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade Respiratory complications · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.26, 1.52] | 5 studies · 280 participants | Low |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade Neurological complication (Delirium) · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.09, 0.99] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade VAS score at 2 ‐ 6 hours (at rest) Score from 0 ‐ 10 · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 239 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade VAS score at 2 ‐ 6 hours (on coughing/after physiotherapy) Score from 0 ‐ 10 · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 126 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade VAS score at 24 hours (at rest) Score from 0 ‐ 10 · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 239 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade VAS score at 24 hours (on coughing/after physiotherapy) Score from 0 ‐ 10 · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 126 participants | Moderate |
Paravertebral blockade vs thoracic epidural blockade VAS scores at 48 hours (at rest) Score from 0 ‐ 10 · Patients undergoing thoracotomy Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 220 participants | Moderate |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo All‐cause mortality · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [0.44, 5.85] | 3 studies · 419 participants | Very low |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo Risk of acute myocardial ischaemia · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.14, 2.26] | 2 studies · 345 participants | Very low |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo Congestive heart failure · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 34 participants | Very low |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo Hypotension · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.95 [0.86, 4.41] | 1 study · 298 participants | Very low |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo Rate of perioperative cerebrovascular complications · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.18, 1.28] | 3 studies · 459 participants | Very low |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo Length of hospital stay · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 372 participants | Very low |
ACEIs or ARBs vs placebo Treatment related adverse events · Patients undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia receiving ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively Perioperative angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers for… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 385 participants | Very low |
Lidocaine vs placebo Pain ‐ lidocaine · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.17, 0.31] | 29 studies · 2256 participants | Low |
Fentanyl vs placebo Pain ‐ fentanyl · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.26, 0.7] | 7 studies · 514 participants | Low |
Remifentanil vs placebo Pain ‐ remifentanil · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.04, 0.26] | 7 studies · 494 participants | Low |
Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control Breath holding · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.12, 11.65] | 2 studies · 279 participants | Very low |
Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control Chest tightness · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.61 [0.12, 56.03] | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control Cough · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 9 [2.77, 29.29] | 5 studies · 529 participants | Low |
Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control Pain on injection · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.09, 2.46] | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Vapocoolant vs placebo/no treatment Pain during cannulation · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 848 participants | Moderate |