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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs no block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 958 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.59] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs pectoralis plane block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs pectoralis plane block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs quadratus lumborum block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 131 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs intercostal nerve block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.04, 2.28] | 3 studies · 181 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 81 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs epidural analgesia Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs no block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.4, 2.49] | 18 studies · 1045 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs placebo block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 499 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs placebo block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.29, 3.41] | 10 studies · 592 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 478 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs paravertebral block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.02, 0.55] | 7 studies · 522 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs transversus abdominis plane block Rates of block‐related adverse events · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.15, 6.84] | 4 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Erector spinae plane block vs serratus anterior plane block Mean difference in postoperative pain intensity at rest 24 hours postoperatively (VAS 0 to 10) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Breakthrough pain · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.55, 0.91] | 16 studies · 1528 participants | Moderate |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Caesarean delivery during labour epidural analgesia · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.69, 1.06] | 16 studies · 1735 participants | Moderate |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Instrumental delivery during labour epidural analgesia · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01] | 17 studies · 4550 participants | Moderate |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Duration of labour analgesia in minutes · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 4544 participants | Moderate |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Local anaesthetic consumption per hour (mg/hr)c during labour epidural analgesia · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1642 participants | Moderate |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Maternal satisfaction following fetal delivery · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Automated mandatory bolus vs basal infusion Apgar scores at 1‐ and 5‐minutes following fetal delivery · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Failed intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.26, 0.65] | 41 studies · 4615 participants | Moderate |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Successful first attempt · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [1, 1.05] | 66 studies · 8086 participants | Low |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Oesophageal intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.18, 0.81] | 14 studies · 1968 participants | Moderate |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Dental trauma · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.16, 1.59] | 30 studies · 3497 participants | Very low |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Cormack‐Lehane grade · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.1, 0.24] | 54 studies · 6058 participants | Moderate |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Time for tracheal intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 59 studies · 6644 participants | Very low |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Failed intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.3, 0.61] | 53 studies · 5367 participants | Moderate |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Hypoxia · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.12, 0.5] | 15 studies · 1966 participants | Moderate |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Successful first attempt · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [1.05, 1.15] | 47 studies · 5210 participants | Very low |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Oesophageal intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.17, 1.75] | 16 studies · 1756 participants | Low |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Dental trauma · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.13, 2.12] | 29 studies · 2375 participants | Very low |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Hypoxaemia · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.52, 0.99] | 16 studies · 2127 participants | Moderate |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Cormack‐Lehane grade · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.09, 0.21] | 40 studies · 3955 participants | Moderate |
Channelled videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Time for tracheal intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 57 studies · 5676 participants | Very low |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Successful first attempt · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [1.02, 1.09] | 42 studies · 7311 participants | Low |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Oesophageal intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.22, 1.21] | 14 studies · 2404 participants | Low |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Dental trauma · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.16, 2.89] | 18 studies · 2297 participants | Very low |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Cormack‐Lehane grade · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.29, 0.48] | 38 studies · 4368 participants | Moderate |
Macintosh‐style videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Time for tracheal intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 studies · 4061 participants | Very low |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Failed intubation · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.34, 0.76] | 63 studies · 7146 participants | Moderate |
Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopy vs direct laryngoscopy Hypoxaemia · adults undergoing tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.22, 1.11] | 15 studies · 1691 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Early acute postoperative pain (within 6 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 36 studies · 2032 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Nausea and vomiting (1‐6 hours postoperatively) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.49, 3.3] | 1 study · 76 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nausea and vomiting (6‐48 hours postoperatively) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.65, 1.22] | 8 studies · 456 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Late acute postoperative pain (24‐48 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 1441 participants | Low |