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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Short feeding interval vs long feeding interval Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants < 1500 g Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.54, 2.11] | 4 studies · 417 participants | Low |
Short feeding interval vs long feeding interval Growth during hospital stay (weight gain in g/kg/day) · preterm infants < 1500 g Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula Weight gain during hospital stay (g/kg/day) · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 271 participants | Moderate |
High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.07, 15.78] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula Linear growth during hospital stay (cm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 271 participants | Low |
High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula Head growth during hospital stay (cm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 271 participants | Low |
High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula Extrauterine growth restriction at discharge · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.5, 1.02] | 2 studies · 271 participants | Low |
High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.12, 4.51] | 2 studies · 283 participants | Very low |
High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula Weight gain during hospital stay (g/kg/day) · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Moderate |
High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula Linear growth (cm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula Head growth (cm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula Extrauterine growth restriction at discharge · preterm or low birth weight infants High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.8, 1.25] | 4 studies · 581 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction All‐cause neonatal mortality · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.76, 2.02] | 4 studies · 575 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Moderate to severe hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.43, 1.09] | 1 study · 152 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Any hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63] | 1 study · 175 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Need for mechanical ventilation · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.68, 1.44] | 4 studies · 581 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Pulmonary air leaks (PAL) · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.38, 3.93] | 3 studies · 449 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.6, 2.77] | 3 studies · 406 participants | Very low |
Tracheal suction vs no tracheal suction Culture‐positive sepsis · non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid Tracheal suction at birth in non‐vigorous neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.48, 3.57] | 3 studies · 406 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Death or BPD at 36 weeks PMA · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.56, 1.85] | 1 study · 271 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen use at 28 days of age ‐ not measured · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen or positive pressure support use at 36 weeks' PMA · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.51, 1.49] | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Treatment failure or need for mechanical ventilation · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.92, 2.5] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Mortality, by hospital discharge · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.51, 2.12] | 1 study · 271 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Moderate‐severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 26 months ‐ not measured · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen use at 28 days of age · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.56, 2.17] | 1 study · 271 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen or positive pressure support use at 36 weeks PMA · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.25, 2.57] | 1 study · 271 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Treatment failure or need for mechanical ventilation · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.63, 1.57] | 1 study · 271 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Death or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.51, 1.49] | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Mortality, by hospital discharge · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.94 [0.12, 70.3] | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels Moderate‐severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 26 months ‐ not measured · health problem or population Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation All‐cause mortality (between start of intervention and end of · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.31, 0.97] | 3 studies · 345 participants | Low |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.31, 1.4] | 1 study · 193 participants | Low |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Retinopathy of prematurity · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.7] | 1 study · 193 participants | Low |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Bacterial sepsis · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.6, 2.04] | 2 studies · 293 participants | Moderate |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0, 1.33] | 1 study · 193 participants | Low |
Enteral zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Change in growth (between start and end of intervention, between 6 weeks to 6 months) · preterm infants Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control Failure of PDA closure within 1 week of administration of the first dose of indomethacin · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.23, 0.38] | 10 studies · 654 participants | High |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 28 days · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.6, 3.51] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' gestation · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.41, 1.55] | 1 study · 92 participants | Low |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control All‐cause neonatal mortality before hospital discharge · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.46, 1.33] | 8 studies · 314 participants | Moderate |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control Proportion of infants requiring surgical ligation of PDA · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.33, 1.29] | 7 studies · 275 participants | Moderate |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control NEC (≥ Bell stage 2) · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.36, 4.55] | 2 studies · 147 participants | Low |
Indomethacin vs placebo or control Mucocutaneous or gastrointestinal bleeding · symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.58] | 2 studies · 119 participants | Low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Outcomesa · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Use of conventional phototherapy, if sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) was first used for prevention or early treatmentc · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Treatment failure requiring exchange transfusionc,d · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.73] | 2 studies · 621 participants | Low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Acute bilirubin encephalopathyc,f · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0 | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |