Vitamin D + calcium supplementation may leads to higher preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
Vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D) (low certainty).
Vitamin D supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Group antenatal care showed no clear difference in preterm birth (gestational age at time of birth less than 37 weeks'… compared with individual antenatal care (adjusted data) (moderate certainty).
Test of placental function showed no clear difference in preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) reported gestation at birth compared with standard care (low certainty).
Magnesium sulphate showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section)** compared with placebo (outcomes (moderate certainty).
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with ECC (subgroup analysis by gestation) (high certainty).
DCC with immediate neonatal care with cord intact showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with ECC (low certainty).
DCC with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with UCM (low certainty).
UCM showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (CLD) ‐ oxygen supplement at 36 weeks… compared with ECC (low certainty).
Caffeinated (experimental group) showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with decaffeinated group (control group) (low certainty).
Magnesium sulphate showed no clear difference in death (fetal, neonatal, or later (up to 2 years' corrected age))** compared with placebo (outcomes (moderate certainty).
Magnesium sulphate showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy (up to school age)** compared with placebo (outcomes (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether magnesium sulphate changes major neurodevelopmental disability (school age)** compared with placebo (outcomes (very low certainty).