Nausea · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Vomiting · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time to hospital discharge · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes time to hospital discharge compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking cessation · people who smoke
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) probably leads to higher smoking cessation compared with standard‐use NRT (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in overall serious adverse events compared with standard‐use NRT (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment withdrawal · people who smoke
It is very uncertain whether preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) changes treatment withdrawals compared with standard‐use NRT (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Biochemically validated smoking cessation at the latest point in pregnancy (20 weeks' gestation or more) · Pregnant women who smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy may leads to higher biochemically validated smoking cessation at the latest point in… compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mean birthweight · Pregnant women who smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy showed no clear difference in mean birthweight (g) compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Miscarriage and spontaneous abortion · Pregnant women who smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy showed no clear difference in miscarriage and spontaneous abortion compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking cessation · people who smoke
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in smoking cessation (at least six months of compared with NRT alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · people who smoke
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with NRT alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Dropouts due to treatment · people who smoke
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in dropouts due to treatment compared with NRT alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Change in weight (kg) · People who have quit smoking
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation showed no clear difference in mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
MD 0.52
21 studies · 2784 participants
Moderate
MD 0.08
11 studies · 1021 participants
Moderate
MD 0.37
17 studies · 1463 participants
Moderate
Oral candidiasis prevalence · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users may have a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonization than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (e.g., C. albicans) and increased fungal species compared with non-smokers (Ralho, Camoni [32,28]); no pooled estimate reported.
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Dental caries and cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with more cariogenic bacteria and increased dental caries risk compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette use linked to increased cariogenic bacteria (S. mutans, Lactobacilli) and worsening dental caries, with flavored e-liquids noted as a caries risk factor (Zieba, Camoni, Yang…
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Self-reported gingivitis · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with self-reported gingivitis compared with non-smokers (single included review; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters (plaque index, probing depth, bone loss, pro-inflammatory profile) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users with dental implants (incl. male implant-supported prosthesis patients)
Among dental implant patients, e-cigarette users show worse peri-implant parameters (more plaque, worse clinical and radiographic outcomes) than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral microbiota composition (dysbiosis; increased periodontal/opportunistic pathogens) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with oral microbiota dysbiosis and increased pathogenic bacteria compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index / periodontal health (relative harm vs conventional smoking) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health)
E-cigarette users tend to have a lower plaque index and less periodontal harm than traditional cigarette smokers, although still worse than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users tend to have a higher plaque index (more biofilm accumulation) than non-smokers (narrative synthesis of systematic reviews; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users exhibited a higher plaque index than non-smokers across included reviews (Shabil, Vamos, Youssef, Thiem, Figueredo, Yang [24,25,27,29,30,31]); the umbrella review reported no…
6 studies
GRADE not reported