Cochrane · systematic review · CD013308
Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Theodoulou, A, Chepkin, SC, Ye, W, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2023 · Cochrane Library
SoF tableOnly the outcomes this review put in its Summary of Findings table are listed (the Cochrane Handbook caps them at about seven per comparison). Its other analyses are not shown here.
Questions
30
current version
GRADE rated
27
No studies
0
Included studies
NR
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 3 · 10%Very low 13 · 43.3%Low 8 · 26.7%Moderate 4 · 13.3%High 2 · 6.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Questions and results
Show all 2 versionsCombination compared to single‐form nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation Combination vs single‐form nicotine replacement therapy | RR 1.27 [1.17, 1.37] | 16 studies · 12169 participants | High |
Overall serious adverse events Combination vs single‐form nicotine replacement therapy | RR 4.44 [0.76, 25.85] | 5 studies · 2888 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Treatment withdrawals Combination vs single‐form nicotine replacement therapy | RR 1.12 [0.57, 2.2] | 5 studies · 3070 participants | Very low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Longer compared to shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy | RR 0.96 [0.75, 1.23] | 1 study · 637 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Smoking cessation ‐ 6 weeks versus 2 weeks Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy | RR 1.11 [0.94, 1.31] | 1 study · 987 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Overall SAEs ‐ 26 weeks versus 8 weeks Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy | RR 1.63 [0.6, 4.42] | 1 study · 544 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Overall SAEs ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 637 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Overall SAEs ‐ 6 weeks versus 2 weeks Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 987 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment withdrawals Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Higher‐dose compared to lower‐dose nicotine patch for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | RR 1.09 [0.93, 1.29] | 5 studies · 1655 participants | Moderate Downgraded: imprecision |
Smoking cessation ‐ 25 mg versus 15 mg (16‐hour patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | RR 1.19 [1, 1.41] | 3 studies · 3446 participants | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Smoking cessation ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | RR 1.48 [1.06, 2.08] | 1 study · 537 participants | Moderate Downgraded: imprecision |
Overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | RR 5.01 [0.87, 28.82] | 2 studies · 1023 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Overall SAEs ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 537 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Treatment withdrawals ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | RR 4.99 [1.6, 15.5] | 2 studies · 554 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch | RR 0.77 [0.36, 1.64] | 1 study · 537 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Longer compared to shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 7078 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Overall serious adverse events Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1173 participants | Very low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Treatment withdrawals Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 648 participants | Very low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy compared to nicotine patch for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy vs nicotine patch | RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.05] | 8 studies · 3319 participants | High |
Overall serious adverse events Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy vs nicotine patch | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1252 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment withdrawals Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy vs nicotine patch | RR 4.23 [1.54, 11.63] | 3 studies · 1482 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Comparing types of fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation ‐ oral spray versus gum | RR 0.8 [0.29, 2.19] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Smoking cessation ‐ oral spray versus inhaler | RR 2 [0.46, 8.73] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Smoking cessation ‐ gum versus inhaler | RR 2.5 [0.53, 11.7] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Overall serious adverse events | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Treatment withdrawals | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) compared to standard‐use NRT for smoking cessation
Population: people who smoke
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs standard‐use NRT | RR 1.25 [1.08, 1.44] | 9 studies · 4395 participants | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Overall serious adverse events Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs standard‐use NRT | RR 1.11 [0.59, 2.09] | 4 studies · 3908 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment withdrawals Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs standard‐use NRT | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.95] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |