Nicotine EC probably leads to higher smoking cessation at 6‐12 months compared with non‐nicotine EC (moderate certainty).
Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in adverse events at 1 week to 6 months Assessed via self‐report compared with non‐nicotine EC (moderate certainty).
Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in serious adverse events at 1 week to 1 year Assessed via self‐report… compared with non‐nicotine EC (low certainty).
Nicotine EC leads to higher smoking cessation at 6 months to 1 year compared with NRT (high certainty).
Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in adverse events at 4 weeks to 6‐9 months Assessed by self‐report compared with NRT (moderate certainty).
Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 1 year Assessed via self‐report… compared with NRT (low certainty).
Nicotine EC may leads to higher smoking cessation at 6 to 12 months Assessed using biochemical… compared with behavioural support only/no support (low certainty).
Nicotine EC may leads to higher adverse events at 12 weeks to 6 months Assessed via self‐report compared with behavioural support only/no support (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether nicotine EC changes serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 8 months Assessed via… compared with behavioural support only/no support (very low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine EC (low certainty).
The intervention leads to higher nicotine EC (high certainty).
Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy showed no clear difference in smoking cessation compared with nicotine patch (high certainty).
It is very uncertain whether fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy changes treatment withdrawals compared with nicotine patch (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 60 minutes compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 12 hours compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in pain at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in hourly morphine equivalents at 60 minutes compared with placebo (low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in hourly morphine equivalents at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes sedation score compared with placebo (very low certainty).