Question · asked by 1 review
Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers (non-users): Oral candidiasis prevalence
- Population
- Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
- Intervention
- Electronic cigarette use
- Comparison
- Non-smokers (non-users)
- Outcome
- Oral candidiasis prevalence
E-cigarette users may have a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonization than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
What each review found
Include earlier review versions| Finding | Effect | Studies | GRADE certainty |
|---|---|---|---|
E-cigarette use (electronic nicotine delivery systems / vaping) vs Non-smokers (non-users) Oral candidiasis / Candida spp. prevalence · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition) · Oral health / dental care (community and clinical samples) E-cigarette users may have a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonization than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded). An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup. (2025) All outcomes | Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (e.g., C. albicans) and increased fungal species compared with non-smokers (Ralho, Camoni [32,28]); no pooled estimate reported. | 2 studies | GRADE not reported |
Findings are shown side by side, never pooled across reviews.
The reviews
| Review | Searched up to | Included studies | AMSTAR 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup. 2025 All outcomes | 12 March 2025 | 10 | Not applicable |
How reviews are matched to this question
Reviews word the same question differently. Four decision models (TypeSafe's Jev, Liquid AI's d1-ultra, SubQ Snap and Baseten's Elephant) judged each wording of the population, intervention, comparator and outcome against the others; two wordings count as the same when at least three of them agree and none clearly disagrees, and findings count as this question only when all four elements match. Timing, setting and subgroup never split a question: they are shown on each finding.