Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Systemic reactions ‐ headache · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in systemic reactions ‐ headache compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.67 [0.54, 5.11]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Systemic reactions ‐ malaise · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in systemic reactions ‐ malaise compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.19, 4.43]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Systemic reactions ‐ myalgia · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in systemic reactions ‐ myalgia compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.18 [0.3, 88.02]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

Neonatal tetanus deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid probably leads to lower neonatal tetanus deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses compared with influenza vaccine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.02 [0, 0.3]
1 study · 688 participants
Moderate

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

All causes of deaths ‐ 1 dose · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid showed no clear difference in all causes of deaths ‐ 1 dose compared with influenza vaccine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.79]
1 study · 494 participants
Low

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

All causes of deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid probably leads to lower all causes of deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses compared with influenza vaccine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.17, 0.55]
1 study · 688 participants
Moderate

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

Neonatal tetanus cases ‐ Any dose · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid probably leads to lower neonatal tetanus cases ‐ Any dose compared with influenza vaccine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.1, 0.4]
1 study · 1182 participants
Moderate

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age vs cholera toxoid

Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · women of reproductive age ≥ 15 years.

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age may leads to lower neonatal mortality in the first 28 days of life compared with cholera toxoid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.56, 0.82]
1 study · 8641 participants
Low

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age vs cholera toxoid

Neonatal mortality between day 4‐14 of life · women of reproductive age ≥ 15 years.

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age may leads to lower neonatal mortality between day 4‐14 of life compared with cholera toxoid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.27, 0.55]
1 study · 8641 participants
Low

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site pain · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… probably leads to higher injection site reactions ‐ pain at injection site compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.68 [1.54, 20.94]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site reactions ‐ erythema ‐ redness · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in injection site reactions ‐ erythema ‐ redness compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.36 [0.15, 12.05]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Stillbirth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.88, 1.56]
9 studies · 19023 participants
Moderate

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.09]
11 studies · 20565 participants
High

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in clinical pre‐eclampsia (random‐effects model) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.79, 1.06]
14 studies · 20878 participants
Moderate

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Intrauterine growth restriction · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in intrauterine growth restriction (various definitions) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.06]
11 studies · 20202 participants
High

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in prelabour rupture of fetal membranes ‐ preterm compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [0.93, 1.75]
5 studies · 1999 participants
Low

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Bleeding episodes (placental abruption) · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation leads to lower bleeding episodes (placental abruption) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.44, 0.93]
7 studies · 14922 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Stillbirth · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in stillbirth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.89, 1.49]
11 studies · 20038 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Intrauterine growth restriction · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in intrauterine growth restriction (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.06]
12 studies · 20361 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.1]
16 studies · 22250 participants
High