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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Death (fetal, neonatal, or later (up to 2 years' corrected age))** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.82, 1.13] | 6 studies · 6759 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Death or cerebral palsy (up to school age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.67, 1.2] | 1 study · 503 participants | Low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Major neurodevelopmental disability (school age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.53, 1.62] | 2 studies · 940 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Death or major neurodevelopmental disability (up to school age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.12] | 1 study · 503 participants | Low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Severe maternal outcome potentially related to treatment (death, respiratory arrest, or cardiac arrest)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.92] | 4 studies · 5300 participants | Low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Adverse effects severe enough to stop treatment** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3.21 [1.88, 5.48] | 3 studies · 4736 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Mode of birth (caesarean section)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.91, 1.02] | 5 studies · 5861 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Postpartum haemorrhage** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.8, 1.09] | 2 studies · 2495 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Breastfeeding at hospital discharge** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Women’s views of treatment** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Cerebral palsy (up to 2 years' corrected age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.57, 0.89] | 6 studies · 6107 participants | High |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Death or cerebral palsy (up to 2 years' corrected age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.77, 0.98] | 6 studies · 6481 participants | High |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Major neurodevelopmental disability (up to 2 years' corrected age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.83, 1.44] | 1 study · 987 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Death or major neurodevelopmental disability (up to 2 years' corrected age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.85, 1.07] | 3 studies · 4279 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) (newborn/infant)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.6, 0.98] | 5 studies · 5885 participants | Moderate |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia (newborn/infant)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.77, 1.1] | 5 studies · 6689 participants | Low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Death (fetal, neonatal, or later (up to school age))** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.66, 1.02] | 2 studies · 1758 participants | Low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes Cerebral palsy (school age)** · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation) Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.69, 1.41] | 2 studies · 1038 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Spontaneous vaginal birth (as defined by trial authors) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [1.03, 1.07] | 15 studies · 17864 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Induction of labour · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.85, 1] | 14 studies · 17666 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Instrumental vaginal birth (forceps/vacuum) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.83, 0.96] | 14 studies · 17769 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Episiotomy · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.77, 0.91] | 15 studies · 17839 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Third or fourth degree tear · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.81, 1.49] | 7 studies · 9437 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Postpartum haemorrhage (as defined by trial authors) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.82, 1.03] | 11 studies · 14407 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Breastfeeding initiation · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [1, 1.12] | 8 studies · 8575 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Maternal readmission within 28 days · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.78, 2.96] | 1 study · 1195 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Neonatal readmission within 28 days · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Attendance at birth by known midwife · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 9.13 [5.87, 14.21] | 11 studies · 9273 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Healthy baby · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Caesarean birth · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.84, 0.99] | 16 studies · 18037 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Birth weight less than 2500 g · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.79, 1.08] | 8 studies · 12420 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Birth weight equal to or more than 4000 g · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Apgar score less than or equal to 7 at 5 minutes · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.24] | 13 studies · 12806 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.77, 1.03] | 13 studies · 16260 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Fetal loss before 24 weeks gestation · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.67, 1.01] | 12 studies · 15913 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Maternal experience · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Cost · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 7 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Regional analgesia (epidural/spinal) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.79, 0.92] | 15 studies · 17754 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Intact perineum · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.98, 1.12] | 12 studies · 14268 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Fetal loss at or after 24 weeks gestation · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.73, 2.13] | 12 studies · 16122 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.78, 1.16] | 10 studies · 13850 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models vs other models of care Neonatal death (baby born alive at any gestation and dies within 28 days) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (critical outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.43, 1.71] | 10 studies · 14718 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Healthy mother · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity models vs other models of care Maternal death · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes) Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 4282 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Maternal anaemia · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.93, 1.26] | 2 studies · 284 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.28, 0.51] | 2 studies · 272 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Spontaneous abortion or miscarriage · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 448 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Low birthweight (< 2500 g) · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.93, 2.43] | 2 studies · 334 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.55, 1.74] | 2 studies · 340 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Child cognitive outcomes · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 178 participants | Low |