Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Small patient number · patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Functional ability AIMS . Scale from: 0 to 10. · patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Muscle strength Isometric extension · patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Self‐reported pain AIMS. Scale from: 0 to 10. · patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Visual loss of 2+ lines at 1 year · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.84, 1.09] | 2 studies · 715 participants | High |
Intervention NR Visual gain of 2+ lines at 1 year · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.75, 1.5] | 2 studies · 715 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Contrast threshold loss ‐0.15 log units or more at 1 year · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.63, 1.02] | 2 studies · 689 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Reading speed 40 word/minute or more after 1 year · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.64, 1.2] | 2 studies · 692 participants | High |
Intervention NR Loss of 6+ points of overall NEI‐VFQ score at 1 year · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [1.09, 1.68] | 2 studies · 689 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events: cataract surgery at 1 year · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 8.69 [4.06, 18.61] | 2 studies · 632 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events: retinal detachment during · patients with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration Submacular surgery for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (2009) · Cochrane | RR 6.13 [2.81, 13.38] | 2 studies · 790 participants | High |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic ACR 50% improvement · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [1.73, 2.82] | 3 studies · 993 participants | Moderate |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic Pain measured at end of study on a 100 mm visual analog scale. Scale from: 0 (better) to 100 (worse). · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1425 participants | Moderate |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic Improvement in physical function (HAQ: greater than 0.3 increase from baseline, 0‐3 scale) · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [1.35, 1.95] | 1 study · 638 participants | Moderate |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic Achievement of low disease activity state (DAS 28 less than 3.2, scale 0‐10) · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | RR 4.33 [2.84, 6.59] | 1 study · 638 participants | Moderate |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic Total serious adverse events · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.87, 1.28] | 6 studies · 3151 participants | Moderate |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic Change in radiographic progression measured by Genant‐modifed Sharp erosion score (increase in score means more joint damage). Scale from: 0 to 145. · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 586 participants | Moderate |
Abatacept (2 and 10mg/kg) + DMARDs/biologic vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic Long‐term serious adverse events · patients with rheumatoid arthritis Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 950 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain Various validated pain scales · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip S‐Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 533 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Function Various validated function scales · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip S‐Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (2009) · Cochrane | SMD 0.02 | 3 studies · 542 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of patients experiencing any adverse event · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip S‐Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.94, 1.71] | 4 studies · 632 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of patients who withdrew because of adverse events · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip S‐Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.48, 1.86] | 4 studies · 656 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of patients experiencing any serious adverse event Median · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip S‐Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with standard‐low dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.93, 1.83] | 2 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ when compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [1.4, 3.86] | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: No clinically important improvement ‐ global evaluation ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.06, 1.64] | 2 studies · 172 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: No clinically important improvement ‐ global evaluation ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.92, 1.25] | 2 studies · 257 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.32, 0.6] | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.37, 1.75] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.24, 0.84] | 2 studies · 262 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reasons ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.55, 1.08] | 2 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reasons ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.58, 1.06] | 2 studies · 496 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reasons ‐ When compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.54, 1] | 1 study · 677 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: No clinically important improvement ‐ global evaluation ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.34, 1.58] | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.76, 1.43] | 1 study · 459 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.64, 1.01] | 1 study · 456 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.44, 2.03] | 2 studies · 206 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.83, 1.36] | 1 study · 457 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.74, 1.11] | 1 study · 677 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ dystonia ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 7.43 [1.07, 51.54] | 1 study · 27 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.28 [1.67, 3.11] | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ tremor ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 4.18 [1.1, 15.85] | 1 study · 27 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.37, 0.96] | 2 studies · 459 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.17, 0.52] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.81, 2.34] | 2 studies · 496 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.72, 1.23] | 1 study · 679 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.53, 1.08] | 2 studies · 941 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.77] | 2 studies · 172 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.46, 3.46] | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.59, 1.22] | 2 studies · 255 participants | Moderate |