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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.6, 0.95] | 1 study · 459 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.49, 0.9] | 3 studies · 196 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.73, 1.2] | 1 study · 457 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.96] | 3 studies · 941 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.57, 2.69] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.46 [0.74, 8.14] | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ as measured by PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.29, 2.54] | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.31, 0.99] | 2 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.97] | 1 study · 679 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.25, 0.92] | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.64 [0.96, 2.81] | 2 studies · 677 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.82, 1.98] | 2 studies · 748 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.5, 0.82] | 2 studies · 257 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.82, 1.69] | 2 studies · 255 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.74, 1.07] | 1 study · 679 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.73, 1.12] | 2 studies · 262 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.9, 1.36] | 1 study · 677 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ as measured by PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐low dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.99, 1.55] | 1 study · 456 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.05, 1.47] | 3 studies · 941 participants | High |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [1.01, 3.18] | 2 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.22 [1.19, 4.14] | 2 studies · 262 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ as measured by PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.05, 1.66] | 1 study · 459 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ as measured by PANSS ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.94, 1.35] | 1 study · 679 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ when compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.15, 3.72] | 1 study · 5 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 3.11 [1.41, 6.84] | 2 studies · 70 participants | Moderate |
Monetary reward vs no monetary reward Target behaviour: average number of dolls assembled per day · patients with schizophrenia1 Monetary incentives for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Health services utilisation The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Immunisationcoverage The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Health outcomes The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Childrens anthropometric outcomes The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle… (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barriers Postoperative complications (infection) / adverse events · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.02, 0.85] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Bioresorbable plates or screws (or both) vs Titanium plates or screws (used as lag screws) or both Any chronic or lasting pain measured using any validated scale after 3 weeks · Participants over 18 years of age with fractures of the facial skeleton including the mandible, maxilla, zygoma… · After 3 weeks Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures (2009) · Cochrane | Planned primary outcome not assessed: none of the retrieved studies met the inclusion criteria, so no data were available for analysis. Verbatim (Effects of interventions): "Although 53 studies were retrieved in our… | 0 studies | No studies |
Arthrocentesis and lavage vs Arthroscopy Maximum bite force · Adults with temporomandibular joint disorders (internal derangement; anterior disc displacement with or without… Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (2009) · Cochrane | To date, no randomised controlled trial in this area reported maximum bite force. | 0 studies | No studies |
Vertical distraction osteogenesis vs Autogenous onlay bone graft (mandibular ramus) Vertical bone gain · Patients with vertically deficient posterior/anterior mandibular ridges needing implants · Up to 3 years post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | MD 0.30 [-0.97, 1.57] | 1 study · 17 participants | Ungraded |
Primary surgical intervention (curettage, peripheral osteotomy, or resection) vs Primary non-surgical intervention (intralesional corticosteroids, subcutaneous calcitonin, interferon alpha, or imatinib) Complete remission · Patients with a pathological diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws Interventions for central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer) vs Amalgam Marginal integrity, wear, surface texture, staining and secondary caries (Ryge criteria) at 6-12 months · Children aged 12 years or younger with tooth decay involving at least one tooth in the primary dentition, symptomatic… · 6-12 months Dental fillings for the treatment of caries in the primary dentition (2009) · Cochrane | Marginal integrity, wear, surface texture, axial contour, staining and secondary caries (Ryge criteria) at 6 and 12 months: odds ratios not estimable - no events recorded, implying equal performance of the two materials. | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Placebo or control (same surgical or non-surgical intervention without EMD) Tooth loss · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | SoF (Emdogain vs Control): Tooth loss - See comment / See comment; too few teeth lost to undertake analysis. 371 participants (9 studies). No GRADE rating given. | 9 studies · 371 participants | Ungraded |
Prophylactic aciclovir (oral or intravenous) vs Prophylactic valaciclovir (oral) Cost of oral care · Patients being treated for cancer (predominantly haematological malignancies) Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | Only one trial reported on the cost of prophylaxis for HSV (Liesveld 2002). The reported mean pharmacy costs for those randomised to receive aciclovir were $1080 compared to $320 for those initially randomised to… | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Bioresorbable plates or screws (or both) vs Titanium plates or screws (used as lag screws) or both Status of occlusion (e.g. Angle's classification, ANB, Wits analysis) · Participants over 18 years of age with fractures of the facial skeleton including the mandible, maxilla, zygoma… · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures (2009) · Cochrane | Planned secondary outcome not assessed: none of the retrieved studies met the inclusion criteria, so no data were available for analysis. Verbatim (Effects of interventions): "Although 53 studies were retrieved in our… | 0 studies | No studies |
Any denture cleansing method (mechanical or chemical) vs Another method, sham/placebo, or no treatment Outcome NR · Wearers of removable partial dentures (RPD), over the age of 18 Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | No included study assessed removable partial denture (RPD) wearers; all six included trials assessed complete denture wearers (Discussion; Implications for research: 'No included study assessed removable partial… | 0 studies | No studies |
Compomer (Dyract) vs Amalgam (Tytin) Marginal integrity (occlusal) failures at 24 months · Children aged 12 years or younger with tooth decay involving at least one tooth in the primary dentition, symptomatic… · 24 months Dental fillings for the treatment of caries in the primary dentition (2009) · Cochrane | OR 10.76 [0.55, 211.78] | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Compomer (Dyract) vs Amalgam (Tytin) Radiolucencies on bitewing X-rays at 24 months · Children aged 12 years or younger with tooth decay involving at least one tooth in the primary dentition, symptomatic… · 24 months Dental fillings for the treatment of caries in the primary dentition (2009) · Cochrane | OR 4.53 [0.83, 24.65] | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Various bone grafting (BG) procedures (animal-derived or synthetic bone / bioactive ceramic filler) Postoperative complications (infection) / adverse events · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | Complications and other adverse events: none occurred. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Vertical distraction osteogenesis vs Autogenous onlay bone graft (mandibular ramus) Complication at augmented + donor site · Patients with vertically deficient posterior/anterior mandibular ridges needing implants · Up to 3 years post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | OR 0.5 [0.07, 3.55] | 1 study · 17 participants | Ungraded |
Aciclovir (oral or intravenous) for treatment vs Placebo Adverse effects · Patients being treated for cancer with established oral HSV infection (bone marrow transplant recipients /… Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | Adverse effects were assessed in both studies. For intravenous aciclovir the most commonly reported adverse effect was a reaction at the injection site (8 (16%) aciclovir versus 3 (7%) placebo; all patients, n = 97);… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Inlay autogenous bone graft (iliac crest) vs Inlay bone substitute (Bio-Oss block) Prosthesis failure · Patients with atrophic posterior mandibles (5 to 7 mm above the mandibular canal) needing implants · Up to 1 year post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | OR 1.0 [0.01, 82.26] | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
1-stage (non-submerged) implant placement vs 2-stage (submerged) implant placement Complications (biological and biomechanical) · Any subject receiving osseointegrated dental implants · 6 to 12 months after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: 1- versus 2-stage implant placement (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.25] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Effervescent tablets vs Association of brushing and effervescent tablets Fusobacteria (colony forming units, log-transformed) · Maxillary complete denture (CD) wearers Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | MD 0.04 [-0.33, 0.41] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barriers Change in probing attachment level (PAL) · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | MD -0.2 [-0.55, 0.20] | 6 studies · 304 participants | Low |
Arthrocentesis and lavage vs Arthroscopy Maximum incisal (mouth) opening (MIO) · Adults with temporomandibular joint disorders (internal derangement; anterior disc displacement with or without… · 6 to 24 months (Fridrich); 12 months (Goudot) Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (2009) · Cochrane | MD -5.28 [-7.10, -3.46] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |