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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Various bone grafting (BG) procedures (animal-derived or synthetic bone / bioactive ceramic filler) Change in gingival recession (REC) · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | MD -1.60 [-2.74, -0.46] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Various bone grafting (BG) procedures (animal-derived or synthetic bone / bioactive ceramic filler) Change in marginal (radiographic) bone level · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | Radiographic bone level: no trial evaluated this. | 0 studies | No studies |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barriers Aesthetics · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | SoF (Emdogain vs GTR): Aesthetics - See comment; 0 [0]; No studies reported this. | 0 studies | No studies |
Vertical GBR with autogenous bone (retromolar) vs Vertical GBR with bone substitute (Regenaform) Vertical bone gain · Patients with vertically deficient posterior/anterior mandibular ridges needing implants · Up to 1 year post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | MD 0.6 [0.21, 0.99] | 1 study · 5 participants | Ungraded |
Aciclovir (oral or intravenous) for treatment vs Placebo Cost of oral care · Patients being treated for cancer with established oral HSV infection (bone marrow transplant recipients /… Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | For the treatment comparison (aciclovir versus placebo), no data were available for recurrence of lesions, amount of analgesia, days of stay in hospital, cost of oral care or patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Dental fillings (restorations) vs No treatment Outcome NR · Children aged 12 years or younger with tooth decay involving at least one tooth in the primary dentition, symptomatic… · Minimum 6 months follow-up Dental fillings for the treatment of caries in the primary dentition (2009) · Cochrane | "No studies were found that compared restorations versus extractions or no treatment as an intervention in children with caries in the primary dentition." | NR | No studies |
Autogenous bone block from the chin vs 100% Bio-Oss + resorbable barrier Prosthesis/implant failure (1 year) · Patients with horizontally resorbed maxillary sites needing single implants · Up to 1 year post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | OR 0.19 [0.01, 4.07] | 1 study · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Silicone surfactant cleanser vs Placebo / sham solution Visual plaque score · Complete denture (CD) wearers · 2 days Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | MD -1.02 [-1.13, -0.91] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Various bone grafting (BG) procedures (animal-derived or synthetic bone / bioactive ceramic filler) Change in probing pocket depth (PPD) · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | No statistically significant differences (one trial, Leknes 2009). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Brushing vs Association of brushing and effervescent tablets Fusobacteria (colony forming units, log-transformed) · Maxillary complete denture (CD) wearers Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | MD 2.86 [2.25, 3.47] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Buccal onlay iliac grafts fixed with titanium screws vs Buccal onlay iliac grafts fixed with resorbable screws (split-mouth) Implant/prosthesis failure and complications · Patients with resorbed maxillae (incl. atrophic sinuses) needing implants · 2 years post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | No statistically significant difference for any outcome; data not shown (Raghoebar 2006) | 1 study · 8 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Various bone grafting (BG) procedures (animal-derived or synthetic bone / bioactive ceramic filler) Tooth loss · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | No teeth were lost in either group. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Ultrasonic treatment or microwave disinfection device vs Another method, sham/placebo, or no treatment Outcome NR · Adults (over 18) wearing complete dentures (CD) or removable partial dentures (RPD) Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | The effectiveness of ultrasonic or microwave devices as an intervention for routine use was not studied according to a randomised controlled trial design (Implications for research). | 0 studies | No studies |
Bioresorbable plates or screws (or both) vs Titanium plates or screws (used as lag screws) or both Healing and union of fracture (versus mal-union and non-union) · Participants over 18 years of age with fractures of the facial skeleton including the mandible, maxilla, zygoma… · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures (2009) · Cochrane | Planned primary outcome not assessed: none of the retrieved studies met the inclusion criteria, so no data were available for analysis. Verbatim (Effects of interventions): "Although 53 studies were retrieved in our… | 0 studies | No studies |
Prophylactic prostaglandin E (oral) vs Placebo Viral isolates · Patients being treated for cancer (leukaemia) Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.87 [1.12, 3.14] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barriers Change in marginal (radiographic) bone level · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | No statistically significant differences (one trial). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Vertical distraction osteogenesis vs Vertical GBR with non-resorbable barriers + particulate autogenous bone Complication at augmentation + donor site · Patients with vertically deficient posterior/anterior mandibular ridges needing implants · Up to 3 years post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | OR 0.3 [0.04, 2.11] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Primary surgical intervention (curettage, peripheral osteotomy, or resection) vs Primary non-surgical intervention (intralesional corticosteroids, subcutaneous calcitonin, interferon alpha, or imatinib) Partial reduction · Patients with a pathological diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws Interventions for central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Primary surgical intervention (curettage, peripheral osteotomy, or resection) vs Primary non-surgical intervention (intralesional corticosteroids, subcutaneous calcitonin, interferon alpha, or imatinib) Recurrence · Patients with a pathological diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws Interventions for central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Arthrocentesis and lavage vs Arthroscopy Improvement in pain (proportion of participants improved/healed) · Adults with temporomandibular joint disorders (internal derangement; anterior disc displacement with or without… · 1 year Arthrocentesis and lavage for treating temporomandibular joint disorders (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.87, 1.38] | 1 study · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Placebo or control (same surgical or non-surgical intervention without EMD) Postoperative complications (infection) / adverse events · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | No particular adverse events or infection attributable to EMD in any trial; no differences in pain, edema, hematoma, wound dehiscence or root sensitivity (Tonetti 2002). | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Placebo or control (same surgical or non-surgical intervention without EMD) PAL gain < 2 mm (dichotomous) · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.34, 0.82] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer) vs Amalgam Replacement (failure) of Class II restoration at 12 months · Children aged 12 years or younger with tooth decay involving at least one tooth in the primary dentition, symptomatic… · 12 months Dental fillings for the treatment of caries in the primary dentition (2009) · Cochrane | OR 0.64 [0.10, 4.15] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Brushing vs Association of brushing and effervescent tablets Total anaerobes (colony forming units, log-transformed) · Maxillary complete denture (CD) wearers Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | MD 5.64 [4.86, 6.42] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Aesthetic (resin-veneered) crowns vs Conventional metal (stainless steel) crowns Gingival health at 6 months · Children aged 12 years or younger with tooth decay involving at least one tooth in the primary dentition, symptomatic… · 6 months Dental fillings for the treatment of caries in the primary dentition (2009) · Cochrane | OR 0.30 [0.01, 8.32] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Prophylactic aciclovir (oral or intravenous) vs Placebo Adverse effects · Patients being treated for cancer (predominantly haematological malignancies) Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | Adverse effects were reported in nine trials. Diagnosis was by evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms (e.g. rash, neurological impairment) and by laboratory tests including renal and hepatic function. None of the… | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Two-phase oil-water mouthrinse (0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride) vs Essential oils mouthrinse (Listerine) Organoleptic assessment of halitosis · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 6 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Kozlovsky 1996 (6-week parallel comparison): mean organoleptic score (scale 0 to 5). Two-phase oil-water (0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride): 2.14 (SD 0.88) at baseline to 0.42 (SD 0.55) at week 6 (about 80% reduction);… | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment as an adjunct to surgical periodontal therapy vs Surgical periodontal therapy alone (no occlusal adjustment) Patient acceptability of treatment and its side effects · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis · Minimum 3 months (planned) Occlusal interventions for periodontitis in adults (2008) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Cetylpyridinium chloride + essential oils + chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthrinse (Breath Rx) vs Placebo Adverse events · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 4 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Borden 2002: 13 adverse events were reported in the trial, but the investigators concluded that none were likely to be related to product usage. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Minimal incision palatopharyngoplasty (MIPP) vs MIPP with additional individualised velopharyngeal surgery (pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty) Quality of life (self or carer evaluated, validated questionnaires) · Children or adolescents aged 3 years or older with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) associated with non-syndromic… Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate (2008) · Cochrane | No data were available for this patient-reported outcome in the single included trial. | 0 studies | No studies |
Systemic oral acyclovir vs Placebo or no treatment Number of individuals with oral lesions (8 days after administration); time to healing of oral lesions · Children and young adults under 25 years with primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (with or without herpes labialis) · 8 days after administration Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (2008) · Cochrane | RR 0.10 [0.02, 0.38] | 1 study · 72 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment as an adjunct to surgical periodontal therapy vs Surgical periodontal therapy alone (no occlusal adjustment) Adverse effects (e.g. thermal sensitivity, over-eruption, TMJ symptoms, poor aesthetics, reduced oral hygiene) · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis · Minimum 3 months (planned) Occlusal interventions for periodontitis in adults (2008) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Ultrasonic instrumentation used alone (any ultrasonic device designed specifically for root canal treatment and capable of the active or passive removal of dentine within the root canal) vs Hand instrumentation used alone (files and reamers used manually) Outcome NR · People over 18 years of age with single or multiple permanent teeth with a completely formed apex and no evidence of… Hand and ultrasonic instrumentation for orthograde root canal treatment of permanent teeth (2008) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. | NR | No studies |
Minimal incision palatopharyngoplasty (MIPP) vs MIPP with additional individualised velopharyngeal surgery (pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty) Instrumental assessment: nasalance score (nasometry and pressure-flow measure) · Children or adolescents aged 3 years or older with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) associated with non-syndromic… Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate (2008) · Cochrane | Nasalance score by nasometry and pressure-flow measure: the single included trial (Ysunza 2001) provided no data for this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Systemic oral acyclovir vs Placebo or no treatment Number of individuals who developed new extraoral lesions after administration; duration of extraoral lesions · Children and young adults under 25 years with primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (with or without herpes labialis) · After administration Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (2008) · Cochrane | RR 0.04 [0.00, 0.65] | 1 study · 72 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy vs Non-surgical periodontal therapy alone (no occlusal adjustment) Probing (pocket) depth change (difference in mean reduction, mm) · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis · 2 years Occlusal interventions for periodontitis in adults (2008) · Cochrane | MD 0.04 [-0.19, 0.27] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy vs Non-surgical periodontal therapy alone (no occlusal adjustment) Patient acceptability of treatment and its side effects · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis · Minimum 3 months (planned) Occlusal interventions for periodontitis in adults (2008) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Cetylpyridinium chloride + essential oils + chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthrinse (Breath Rx) vs Placebo Halimeter-assessed volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) (mean change from baseline) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 4 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Borden 2002: mean change in halimeter-assessed VSC (ppb). Breath Rx: -66.84 at 2 weeks (67.65% reduction), -77.87 at 4 weeks (78.82% reduction); Placebo: -39.86 at 2 weeks, -36.77 at 4 weeks (41.75%). No between-group… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthrinse (Oxygene) vs Placebo Halimeter-assessed volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) (mean change from baseline) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 4 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Borden 2002: mean change in halimeter-assessed VSC (ppb). Oxygene: -47.63 at 2 weeks (64.97% reduction), -53.28 at 4 weeks (72.67% reduction); Placebo: -39.86 at 2 weeks, -36.77 at 4 weeks (41.75%). No between-group… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Two-phase oil-water mouthrinse (0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride) vs Essential oils mouthrinse (Listerine) Peak volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 6 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Kozlovsky 1996: peak VSC (ppb). Two-phase oil-water (0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride): 94 (SD 36) at baseline to 56 (SD 10) at week 6 (less than 40% reduction); Control essential oils (Listerine): 79 (SD 40) to 56 (SD… | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Systemic oral acyclovir vs Placebo or no treatment Direct costs (medication, hospital bed days) · Children and young adults under 25 years with primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (with or without herpes labialis) Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (2008) · Cochrane | No data available in either included study. | NR | No studies |
Pericarp extract of Garcinia mangostana L mouthrinse (herbal) vs Placebo Halimeter-assessed volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 15 days Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Rassameemasmaung 2007: halimeter-assessed VSC (ppb). Herbal (Garcinia mangostana L): 248.35 (SD 172.30) at baseline to 100.54 (SD 69.37) at day 15 (59.68% reduction, P < 0.05); Placebo: 237.45 (SD 114.15) to 176.83 (SD… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo Organoleptic assessment of halitosis (mean change from baseline) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 2 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Winkel 2003 (2-week trial): mean change (SD) in organoleptic score (scale 0 to 5). 0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate: -1.13 (1.1), baseline 2.8 (0.5) to 1.5 (1.0) at day 14, P <… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Minimal incision palatopharyngoplasty (MIPP) vs MIPP with additional individualised velopharyngeal surgery (pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty) Self-esteem (validated questionnaires) · Children or adolescents aged 3 years or older with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) associated with non-syndromic… Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate (2008) · Cochrane | No data were available for this patient-reported outcome in the single included trial. | 0 studies | No studies |
Minimal incision palatopharyngoplasty (MIPP) vs MIPP with additional individualised velopharyngeal surgery (pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty) Instrumental assessment: velopharyngeal complete closure and gap size (videonasopharyngoscopy and multiview videofluoroscopy) · Children or adolescents aged 3 years or older with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) associated with non-syndromic… · 3 months post-operatively Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate (2008) · Cochrane | Complete closure occurred in 32 (86%) of the participants in group 1 (MIPP) and in 31 (89%) in group 2, P > 0.05. After eliminating the nine patients with residual velopharyngeal insufficiency, the post-operative gap… | 1 study · 72 participants | Ungraded |
0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo Peak volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) (mean change from baseline) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 2 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Winkel 2003: mean change (SD) in peak VSC (ppb). Mouthrinse: -120 (92), baseline 292 (141) to 172 (104) at day 14, P < 0.005; Placebo: 8 (145), baseline 352 (161) to 360 (254). The mouthrinse caused a significantly… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Cetylpyridinium chloride + essential oils + chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthrinse (Breath Rx) vs Placebo Organoleptic assessment of halitosis (mean change from baseline) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 4 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Borden 2002: mean change in organoleptic score (scale 0 to 5). Breath Rx (cetylpyridinium chloride + essential oils + chlorine dioxide + zinc): -0.52 at 2 weeks, -0.41 at 4 weeks; Placebo: 0.23 at 2 weeks, 0.16 at 4… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthrinse (Oxygene) vs Placebo Organoleptic assessment of halitosis (mean change from baseline) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 4 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Borden 2002: mean change in organoleptic score (scale 0 to 5). Oxygene (chlorine dioxide + zinc): 0 at 2 weeks, 0.06 at 4 weeks; Placebo: 0.23 at 2 weeks, 0.16 at 4 weeks. Oxygene did not appear to reduce organoleptic… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Systemic oral acyclovir vs Placebo or no treatment Number of individuals with eating difficulties (8 days after administration); duration of eating difficulties · Children and young adults under 25 years with primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (with or without herpes labialis) · 8 days after administration Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (2008) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.03, 0.58] | 1 study · 72 participants | Ungraded |
0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo Adverse events (tongue and tooth staining) · Adults over 18 years with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis, without significant comorbidity (e.g.… · 2 weeks Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis (2008) · Cochrane | Winkel 2003: significantly more tongue staining (P < 0.001) and tooth staining (P < 0.002) were noted with the chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride + zinc lactate mouthrinse than with placebo. | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |