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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol
current versionsNo studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antidepressants vs placebo according to any definition Abstinence, for at least three consecutive weeks objective · patients with cocaine abuse and dependence Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.99, 1.51] | 8 studies · 942 participants | High |
Antidepressants vs placebo according to any definition Adverse events ‐ Withdrawn due to adverse events · patients with cocaine abuse and dependence Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.91, 2.12] | 13 studies · 1396 participants | Moderate |
Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs pharm standard Retention in treatment Objective · patients with treatment of opioid dependence Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.07] | 26 studies · 2582 participants | High |
Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs pharm standard Opioid abstinence objective · patients with treatment of opioid dependence Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.91, 1.56] | 7 studies · 667 participants | High |
Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs pharm standard Number of participants still in treatment at the end of · patients with treatment of opioid dependence Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.07] | 3 studies · 250 participants | High |
Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs pharm standard Number of participants abstinent at the end of · patients with treatment of opioid dependence Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for… (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.98, 1.36] | 3 studies · 181 participants | High |
Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs pharm standard Compliance objective · patients with treatment of opioid dependence Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for… (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 685 participants | Moderate |
Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to Dropouts ‐ All studies objective · patients with opioid detoxification Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.59, 0.85] | 6 studies · 424 participants | Moderate |
Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to Dropouts ‐ Only studies with low risk of bias objeive · patients with opioid detoxification Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.88] | 5 studies · 373 participants | High |
Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to Use of opiate during the treatment objective · patients with opioid detoxification Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.71, 0.93] | 4 studies · 320 participants | Moderate |
Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to Results at · patients with opioid detoxification Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.53, 0.82] | 3 studies · 208 participants | Moderate |
Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to Results at · patients with opioid detoxification Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.68, 1.04] | 2 studies · 89 participants | High |
Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to Compliance as clinical absences during the tratment objective · patients with opioid detoxification Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.38, 0.59] | 3 studies · 1138 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number completing detoxification · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [1.09, 1.84] | 2 studies · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Clonidine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 4.28 [2.91, 6.3] | 3 studies · 240 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Buprenorphine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.04, 1.6] | 1 study · 72 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12 weeks ‐ Tapered methadone comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.9, 4.45] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12 weeks ‐ Clonidine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 2.77 [1.37, 5.61] | 3 studies · 240 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12 weeks ‐ Buprenorphine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.34, 1.97] | 1 study · 72 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Participants experiencing adverse effects · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 3.21 [1.13, 9.12] | 2 studies · 572 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Less than 300 events · patients with opioid withdrawal Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepine vs Placebo Alcohol withdrawal seizures objective · patients with alcohol withdrawal Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.04, 0.69] | 3 studies · 324 participants | Moderate |
Benzodiazepine vs Placebo Adverse events · patients with alcohol withdrawal Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 3.28 [0.31, 34.52] | 2 studies · 71 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepine vs Placebo Dropouts · patients with alcohol withdrawal Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.38, 1.24] | 3 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
Benzodiazepine vs Other Drug for Alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug · patients with Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.21, 1.31] | 12 studies · 1228 participants | Moderate |
Benzodiazepine vs Other Drug for Alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant · patients with Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [0.39, 7.37] | 7 studies · 523 participants | Moderate |
Benzodiazepine vs Other Drug for Adverse events ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug · patients with Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.99, 1.72] | 18 studies · 919 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepine vs Other Drug for Adverse events ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant · patients with Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.83, 2.7] | 9 studies · 471 participants | High |
Benzodiazepine vs Other Drug for Dropouts ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug · patients with Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.7, 1.24] | 22 studies · 1848 participants | Moderate |
Benzodiazepine vs Other Drug for Dropouts ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant · patients with Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.75, 1.63] | 11 studies · 839 participants | High |
Anticonvulsant vs Placebo Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures post treatment ‐ Any Anticonvulsant vs. Placebo · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.31, 1.2] | 9 studies · 883 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsant vs Placebo Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures post treatment ‐ Phenytoin vs. Placebo · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.35, 1.77] | 4 studies · 381 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsant vs Placebo Adverse events · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.74, 3.31] | 7 studies · 663 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsant vs Placebo Dropout ‐ Any Anticonvulsant vs. Placebo · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.34] | 7 studies · 344 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsant vs Placebo Dropout ‐ Chlormethiazole vs. Placebo · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.22, 5.11] | 3 studies · 140 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsant vs Other Drugs Alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Any Anticonvulsant vs any Other · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.22, 1.58] | 12 studies · 880 participants | Low |
Anticonvulsant vs Other Drugs Adverse events ‐ Any Anticonvulsant vs any Other · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.45, 1.12] | 14 studies · 726 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsant vs Other Drugs Dropout ‐ Any Anticonvulsant vs any Other · patients with alcohol withdrawal Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.67, 1.26] | 20 studies · 1359 participants | Moderate |
GHB 50mg vs placebo be used withdrawal score ‐ 7 hours · patients with alcohol withdrawal Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
GHB 50mg vs GHB 100 mg be used side‐effects ‐ side‐effects causing abandon · patients with alcohol withdrawal Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.66] | 1 study · 65 participants | Low |
GHB 50mg vs placebo be used abstinence ‐ 6 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.58, 3.07] | 1 study · 17 participants | Low |
GHB 50mg vs placebo be used relapse to heavy drinking ‐ 6 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.05, 4.02] | 1 study · 17 participants | Low |
GHB 50mg vs placebo be used craving score ‐ 3 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
GHB 50mg vs NTX be used abstinence ‐ 12 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.83, 2.16] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
GHB 50mg vs NTX be used relapses to heavy drinking ‐ 12 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.18, 1.67] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
GHB 50mg vs NTX be used Alcohol Craving Scale ‐ 12 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
GHB 50mg vs NTX be used side‐effects ‐ side‐effects causing abandon · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.18, 2.1] | 3 studies · 127 participants | Moderate |
GHB 50mg vs disulfiram be used abstinence ‐ 12 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.99, 2.8] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
GHB 50mg vs disulfiram be used relapses to heavy drinking ‐ 12 months · alcohol dependent patients Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.36, 6.03] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
GHB 50mg vs placebo be used side‐effects ‐ tolerated side‐effects · patients with alcohol withdrawal Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses (2010) · Cochrane | RR 16.25 [1.04, 254.98] | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |