What do systematic reviews say?

Immunonutrition vs usual care

Immunonutrition showed no clear difference in postoperative length of hospital stay (days) compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Immunonutrition for patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 2.5
  10 studies · 757 participants
  Low

Dietary interventions vs placebo or other interventions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dietary modifications for infantile colic 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 898 participants
  Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 1298 participants
  Low

Bispectral index vs treatment guided by clinical assessment alone?

• BIS monitoring versus clinical assessment for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults in the intensive care unit… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Bispectral index vs treatment guided by clinical assessment alone?

BIS monitoring showed no clear difference in duration of mechanical ventilation (measured in days) compared with clinical assessment (low certainty).

• BIS monitoring versus clinical assessment for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults in the intensive care unit… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 155 participants
  Low

NSAIDs vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) changes AKI within 30 days of surgery compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults with… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.79 [0.4, 7.96]
  2 studies · 7066 participants
  Very low

NSAIDs vs placebo or no treatment

• Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults with… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 794 participants
  Low

NSAIDs vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) changes RRT within 30 days of surgery compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults with… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.57 [0.49, 5.07]
  2 studies · 7056 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower postoperative delirium (POD) within 7 days (As assessed by any… (moderate certainty).

• Processed electroencephalogram and evoked potential techniques for amelioration of postoperative delirium and… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.59, 0.85]
  3 studies · 2197 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Processed electroencephalogram and evoked potential techniques for amelioration of postoperative delirium and… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1155 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 21 participants
  Very low

Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin

• Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 717 participants
  Very low

Cyclamen europaeum vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Cyclamen europaeum extract for acute sinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mesh vs non‐mesh repair

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Mesh versus non‐mesh for inguinal and femoral hernia repair 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mesh vs non‐mesh repair

• Mesh versus non‐mesh for inguinal and femoral hernia repair 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 2966 participants
  Low

Mesh vs non‐mesh repair

• Mesh versus non‐mesh for inguinal and femoral hernia repair 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 3183 participants
  Low

Smectite vs control

Smectite may leads to higher clinical resolution at day 3 compared with control (low certainty).

• Smectite for acute infectious diarrhoea in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.1 [1.3, 3.39]
  5 studies · 312 participants
  Low

Summary of findings for additional food items between meals vs usual care

• Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Very low

Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo

• Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1497 participants
  Low