What do systematic reviews say?

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Early showed no clear difference in air leak (pneumothorax) compared with late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (low certainty).

• Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.39, 3.04]
  3 studies · 98 participants
  Low

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

It is very uncertain whether early changes bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (very low certainty).

• Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [0.1, 20.49]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification

It is very uncertain whether targeted or adjustable individualized fortification changes retinopathy of prematurity, any compared with standard non‐individualized fortification (very low certainty).

• Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.36, 1.72]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Iodine supplementation vs control

• Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1259 participants
  High

Iodine supplementation vs control

• Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1259 participants
  High

Iodine supplementation vs control

• Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1259 participants
  High

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in mortality, near term corrected age or discharge compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63]
  10 studies · 914 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental disability compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.35]
  2 studies · 208 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in intubation in the delivery room compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18]
  9 studies · 875 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.51, 1.71]
  6 studies · 596 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.51, 1.87]
  8 studies · 807 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

It is very uncertain whether lower changes chronic lung disease (36 weeks' corrected age) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (very low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.72, 1.14]
  9 studies · 862 participants
  Very low

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Inhaled steroids probably leads to lower diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 69 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in systolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.25, 1.23]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in morbidity: diarrhoea: point prevalence (moderate certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.93, 1.05]
  2 studies · 9891 participants
  Moderate

Higher vs lower PUFA

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all allergic disease ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

• Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19]
  2 studies · 633 participants
  Very low