What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes perineal trauma (very low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol for preventing gestational diabetes 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4 [0.45, 35.25]
  1 study · 234 participants
  Very low

Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus ‐ strict glycaemic targets vs less‐tight glycaemic targets (maternal outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

• Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Primary care screening vs secondary care screening

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Metformin vs insulin

• Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Preconception care vs usual care

• Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Combined diet and exercise interventions showed no clear difference in perineal trauma compared with standard care (mother) (moderate certainty).

• Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.78, 2.05]
  2 studies · 2733 participants
  Moderate

Self‐monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs self‐monitoring of glucose

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Telemedicine vs usual care

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes

Metformin showed no clear difference in perineal trauma compared with glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes (low certainty).

• Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.67 [0.22, 12.52]
  2 studies · 308 participants
  Low

Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo (outcomes

It is very uncertain whether oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies changes perineal trauma compared with placebo ‐ maternal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.06, 15.62]
  1 study · 375 participants
  Very low

CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes

• Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found