What do systematic reviews say?

One intervention vs no intervention

One intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.96 [0.89, 1.03]
  15 studies · 189164 participants
  Moderate

Combination of interventions vs no intervention

• Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 39130 participants
  Moderate

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 159 participants
  Very low

Interventionist care vs expectant care

Interventionist care showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality or perinatal death compared with expectant (delayed delivery) care (low certainty).

• Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.62, 1.99]
  3 studies · 343 participants
  Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Combined diet and exercise interventions showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with standard care (child) (low certainty).

• Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.42, 1.63]
  2 studies · 3757 participants
  Low

Community health educational intervention for family members and mothers and for mothers only (subgroup) vs control

Community health educational intervention for family members and… may leads to lower perinatal mortality ‐ Intervention given to mothers and family members compared with control (low certainty).

• Community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.96]
  7 studies · 141824 participants
  Low
• Community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.96]
  8 studies · 120789 participants
  Low

Maternal death review and audit as part of an intervention package including the ALARM course and training audit committees vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Death audits and reviews for reducing maternal, perinatal and child mortality 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Community health educational interventions vs control

Community health educational interventions probably leads to lower perinatal mortality compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.75, 0.94]
  12 studies · 262613 participants
  Moderate
• Community‐based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.75, 0.91]
  15 studies · 262613 participants
  Very low

Technique of BP measurement: CRADLE intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Perinatal death review and audit as part of an intervention package including an educational outreach visit and morbidity/mortality conferences vs no intervention

Perinatal death review and audit as part of an intervention package… showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality rate (overall) (at month 12–26) compared with no intervention (low certainty).

• Death audits and reviews for reducing maternal, perinatal and child mortality 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.05 [0.91, 1.21]
  1 study · 95 participants
  Low

Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis)

• Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Beta stimulant vs placebo

• Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes

Lifestyle showed no clear difference in perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality compared with control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes (low certainty).

• Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.7]
  2 studies · 1988 participants
  Low