Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

24 questions · 24 findings · 19 reviews

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No studies found 2 · 8.3%GRADE not reported 1 · 4.2%Very low 8 · 33.3%Low 8 · 33.3%Moderate 5 · 20.8%High 0 · 0%

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Perinatal mortality · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes perinatal mortality compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98]
1 study · 96 participants
Very low

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Perinatal mortality · women in established labour and their babies.

It is very uncertain whether intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… changes perinatal mortality compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.09, 5.4]
2 studies · 2597 participants
Very low

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Perinatal mortality · women in established labour and their babies.

It is very uncertain whether intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… changes perinatal mortality compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.56 [0.19, 1.67]
1 study · 625 participants
Very low

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Perinatal mortality · women in established labour and their babies.

It is very uncertain whether intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… changes perinatal mortality compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.34, 2.25]
1 study · 633 participants
Very low

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Any perinatal death after randomisation · women with twin pregnancies were randomised from 25 weeks

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (after randomisation) compared with fetal growth (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.32, 2.41]
1 study · 1052 participants
Low

Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise

Extended perinatal mortality · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise

Immediate showed no clear difference in extended perinatal mortality compared with deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.67, 2.04]
1 study · 587 participants
Moderate

X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry

Perinatal mortality · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations

It is very uncertain whether X‐ray pelvimetry changes perinatal mortality compared with no X‐ray pelvimetry (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.53 [0.19, 1.45]
5 studies · 1159 participants
Very low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.24]
11 studies · 33513 participants
Low

Tape measurement vs clinical palpation

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above.

Tape measurement showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with clinical palpation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.25 [0.38, 4.07]
1 study · 1639 participants
Low

Admission cardiotocography vs intermittent auscultation

Perinatal mortality rate (fetal and neonatal deaths excluding lethal congenital anomalies) · Low risk pregnant women. All of the women were in labour.

Admission cardiotocography showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality rate (fetal and neonatal deaths excluding lethal… compared with intermittent auscultation (low‐risk women) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.3, 3.47]
4 studies · 11339 participants
Moderate

Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus ‐ strict glycaemic targets vs less‐tight glycaemic targets (child (as neonate, child, adult) outcomes)

Perinatal mortality · Children (as neonate, child, adult) of women with GDM

1 finding from 1 review

Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1499 participants
Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Perinatal mortality · women with gestational diabetes mellitus

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes

Perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality · women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Lifestyle showed no clear difference in perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality compared with control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.7]
2 studies · 1988 participants
Low

Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent

Perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes

Insulin showed no clear difference in perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality compared with anti‐diabetic agent (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.29, 2.49]
10 studies · 1463 participants
Low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with antimicrobials) vs Alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with placebo

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with… changes perinatal mortality (including fetal and neonatal deaths up to the… compared with alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.06 [0.60, 1.85]
2 studies · 855 participants
Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women considered to have periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) after dental examination

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes perinatal mortality (including fetal and neonatal deaths up to the… compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.85 [0.51, 1.43]
7 studies · 5320 participants
Very low

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Perinatal mortality (stillbirth ‐ death of fetus prior to birth; neonatal death ‐ death within the first 28 days of birth; or infant death ‐ death after the first 28 days) · pregnant women with a term suspected compromised baby

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 459 participants
Moderate

Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management

Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions.

1 finding from 1 review

Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 425 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam

Perinatal mortality · health problem or population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with/without complications

Traditional antenatal CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.05 [0.95, 4.42]
4 studies · 1627 participants
Low