What do systematic reviews say?

Pulmonary artery perfusion with blood vs no perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether pulmonary artery perfusion with blood changes all‐cause mortality within longest compared with no perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (very low certainty).

• Pulmonary artery perfusion versus no perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass for open heart surgery in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 1.78 [0.43, 7.4]
  4 studies · 210 participants
  Very low

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) vs pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (long term)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) vs pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (short term)

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index… showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (short term) (low certainty).

• Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.7, 1.74]
  1 study · 594 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.59, 1.26]
  5719 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.71, 1.59]
  16 studies · 3296 participants
  Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.16 [0.79, 1.7]
  1 study · 4817 participants
  Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.64 [0.37, 1.1]
  5 studies · 1558 participants
  Moderate

High vs low blood pressure target

It is very uncertain whether high changes all‐cause mortality compared with low blood pressure target (very low certainty).

• High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.3, 5.9]
  3 studies · 737 participants
  Very low

Remote monitoring plus usual care vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether remote monitoring plus usual care changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.99 [0.62, 1.58]
  7 studies · 927 participants
  Very low

Remote monitoring vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether remote monitoring changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.68 [0.37, 1.25]
  6 studies · 798 participants
  Very low

Statins vs placebo

Statins showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.03 [0.61, 1.74]
  2 studies · 952 participants
  Low

Quinolone vs macrolides

• Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  GRADE not reported

Macrolides vs tetracycline

• Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  GRADE not reported

Quinolone vs tetracycline

• Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  GRADE not reported

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.2 [0.02, 1.73]
  2 studies · 880 participants
  Very low

Sildenafil vs placebo

Sildenafil may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.07, 0.56]
  3 studies · 77 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs active control

It is very uncertain whether sildenafil changes all‐cause mortality compared with active control (very low certainty).

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.05, 5.75]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Very low

Sildenafil plus iNO vs placebo plus iNO

Sildenafil plus iNO showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo plus iNO (low certainty).

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.26, 6.28]
  1 study · 24 participants
  Low

Action plan vs usual care

Action plan showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Odds ratio 0.88 [0.59, 1.31]
  4 studies · 1134 participants
  Moderate

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with tiotropium (moderate certainty).

• Combination inhaled steroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.8 [0.55, 5.91]
  2 studies · 961 participants
  Moderate