Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

15 questions · 15 findings · 12 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 3 · 20%Low 12 · 80%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Low‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia vs high‐dose opioid based general anaesthesia

Mortality ‐ Death at any time after surgery · adult cardiac surgical patients

Low‐dose opioid‐based GA showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ Death at any time after surgery compared with high‐dose opioid‐based GA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.53 [0.25, 1.12]
8 studies · 1994 participants
Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

All‐cause mortality · adults (aged > 16 years) without acute lung injury needing mechanical positive pressure ventilation during their surgery and undergoing…

Low tidal volume showed no clear difference in mortality compared with high tidal volume (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.53]
12 studies · 1207 participants
Low

Protocol to increase global blood flow vs control

Mortality within the longest · surgical patients

Protocol to increase global blood flow showed no clear difference in mortality (Longest compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes following surgery 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.76, 1.05]
31 studies · 5292 participants
Low

Protocol to increase global blood flow vs control

Mortality (Hospital or 28‐day) · surgical patients

Protocol to increase global blood flow showed no clear difference in mortality (Hospital or 28‐day) compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes following surgery 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.65, 1]
31 studies · 5292 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Reported mortality, low risk of bias studies only · patients undergoing surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes reported mortality, low risk of bias studies only (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.52, 1.97]
19 studies · 1604 participants
Very low

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Mortality－At any time · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Neuraxial showed no clear difference in mortality－At any time compared with general anaesthesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.38, 2.07]
4 studies · 696 participants
Low

NPPV vs oxygen therapy

Hospital mortality · adults (aged > 17 years) with acute respiratory failure after upper abdominal surgery

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) showed no clear difference in hospital mortality compared with oxygen therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure following upper abdominal surgery 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.71]
1 study · 209 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Processed electroencephalogram and evoked potential techniques for amelioration of postoperative delirium and… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.62, 1.64]
1 study · 1155 participants
Low

Protocol using standard measures such as CVP vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · patients with perioperative fluid optimization

Protocol using standard measures such as CVP showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.81 [0.61, 12.81]
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · patients with perioperative fluid optimization

Advanced haemodynamic monitoring showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.07, 2.95]
3 studies · 213 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.89, 1.54]
16 studies · 11446 participants
Low

Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

All‐cause mortality rate at 30 days · adults having abdominal surgery

Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality rate at 30 days compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural analgesia versus patient‐controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra‐abdominal surgery in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.37 [0.72, 15.88]
9 studies · 560 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Reported mortality As reported in the trials · patients having major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes reported mortality As reported in the trials (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during the postoperative period for prevention of postoperative morbidity… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.28 [0.35, 4.66]
2 studies · 413 participants
Very low

Buffered vs non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid

Mortality (in‐hospital death and 30‐day mortality) · adults receiving intravenous fluids whilst undergoing any form of surgery

Buffered showed no clear difference in mortality (in‐hospital death and 30‐day mortality) compared with non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative administration of buffered versus non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid to improve outcomes… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.85 [0.37, 9.33]
3 studies · 267 participants
Low

Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such

All‐cause mortality Advanced haemodynamic monitoring · patients with proximal femoral fracture

It is very uncertain whether advanced haemodynamic monitoring changes all‐cause mortality Advanced haemodynamic monitoring compared with protocol using standard measures such (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.14, 1.2]
3 studies · 280 participants
Very low