What do systematic reviews say?

Any antihypertensive drug vs placebo or no treatment

Antihypertensive drug probably leads to lower coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity Mean duration of 2.9… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.69, 0.88]
  11 studies · 24559 participants
  Moderate

Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control

Antihypertensive drug therapy may leads to lower total cardiovascular mortality + morbidity compared with control (low certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.67, 0.91]
  6 studies · 17278 participants
  Low

Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control

Antihypertensive drug therapy showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease mortality + morbidity compared with control (low certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.82, 1.19]
  4 studies · 16241 participants
  Low

Intensification of prophylactic therapy guided by colonoscopy vs intensification guided by clinical recurrence

• Colonoscopy‐guided therapy for the prevention of post‐operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 174 participants
  GRADE not reported

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs conventional therapy

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) showed no clear difference in mortality compared with conventional therapy (moderate certainty).

• Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney function in… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [0.27, 8.34]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ sildenafil versus bosentan compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.36 [0.22, 8.48]
  1 study · 106 participants
  Low

Intensive glycaemic control vs conventional glucose control

Intensive glycaemic control showed no clear difference in mortality compared with standard glycaemic control (moderate certainty).

• Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.79, 1.26]
  3 studies · 15888 participants
  Moderate
• Targeting intensive glycaemic control versus targeting conventional glycaemic control for type 2 diabetes mellitus 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.92, 1.08]
  24 studies · 34325 participants
  Moderate

Intensive glycaemic control vs conventional glucose control

Intensive glucose control showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with conventional glucose control (moderate certainty).

• Intensive glucose control versus conventional glucose control for type 1 diabetes mellitus 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.02 [0.48, 2.19]
  10 studies · 2039 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table for metformin plus intensive diet and exercise vs intensive diet and exercise

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 450 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table for metformin plus intensive diet and exercise vs intensive diet and exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intensive glycaemic control vs conventional glucose control

Intensive glycaemic control showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality compared with conventional glycaemic control (moderate certainty).

• Targeting intensive glycaemic control versus targeting conventional glycaemic control for type 2 diabetes mellitus 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.21]
  22 studies · 34177 participants
  Moderate

Discontinuation by no treatment/placebo of antihypertensives vs continuation

Discontinuation by no treatment/placebo of antihypertensives showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with continuation (low certainty).

• Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in older people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.08 [0.79, 5.46]
  4 studies · 630 participants
  Low

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs placebo or no treatment

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.11]
  4 studies · 7964 participants
  High

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.75, 1.45]
  5 studies · 1187 participants
  Moderate

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs placebo or no treatment

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.9, 1.14]
  3 studies · 7254 participants
  High

Extensive tests vs tests at the physician's discretion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Effect of testing for cancer on cancer‐ or venous thromboembolism (VTE)‐related mortality and morbidity in people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ultra‐radical (extensive) surgery vs surgery

It is very uncertain whether ultra‐radical (extensive) surgery changes adverse event: perioperative mortality compared with standard surgery (very low certainty).

• Ultra‐radical (extensive) surgery versus standard surgery for the primary cytoreduction of advanced epithelial ovarian… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 397 participants
  Very low

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.61, 1.42]
  2 studies · 945 participants
  Moderate

Extensive tests vs tests at the physician's discretion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Effect of testing for cancer on cancer‐ or venous thromboembolism (VTE)‐related mortality and morbidity in people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found