What do systematic reviews say?

Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Formula vs donor breast milk

Formula showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with donor breast milk (moderate certainty).

• Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.8, 1.5]
  7 studies · 1527 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (moderate certainty).

• Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.93, 1.26]
  4 studies · 3044 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with no earplugs (very low certainty).

• Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.07 [0.64, 6.7]
  1 study · 34 participants
  Very low

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (outcome collected through first event: death,… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.35 [0.91, 2]
  2 studies · 701 participants
  Moderate

Probiotics vs control

• Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  54 studies · 10484 participants
  Moderate

Probiotics vs control

• Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1723 participants
  Low

Prebiotic vs control

• Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 686 participants
  Low

Synbiotic vs control

• Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 925 participants
  Low

Half strength formula vs full strength formula

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay(by clinical… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.8, 1.48]
  8 studies · 734 participants
  Moderate

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Late paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Bubble vs ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Bubble showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality before hospital discharge compared with ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway… (low certainty).

• Bubble devices versus other pressure sources for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.64, 1.36]
  10 studies · 1189 participants
  Low

CLACfast vs CLACslow

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Paracetamol vs indomethacin

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical… compared with indomethacin (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.39, 1.92]
  2 studies · 114 participants
  Low

Prophylactic administration of paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Prophylactic administration of paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.24, 1.44]
  3 studies · 240 participants
  Low

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation vs control

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation showed no clear difference in all‐cause neonatal mortality: risk ratios based on cumulative risk… compared with control (high certainty).

• Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.08]
  5 studies · 126242 participants
  High