Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

33 questions · 34 findings · 22 reviews · Airways

No studies found 1 · 2.9%GRADE not reported 4 · 11.8%Very low 9 · 26.5%Low 8 · 23.5%Moderate 11 · 32.4%High 1 · 2.9%

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

2 findings from 2 reviews · compare the 2 reviews

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Mortality (all‐cause) · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Remote monitoring plus usual care vs usual care

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether remote monitoring plus usual care changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with tiotropium (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium vs ipratropium

Mortality (all‐cause) · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants in included studies had an average baseline FEV1 of around 40% predicted and…

Tiotropium showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with ipratropium (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium vs long‐acting beta‐agonists

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and > 10 pack years smoking history

It is very uncertain whether tiotropium changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with long‐acting beta‐agonists (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Anti‐cytokine, all‐cause mortality ‐ uncertain risk of bias · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) changes mortality (all‐cause) overall analysis compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review