Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,514 questions · 1,543 findings · 649 reviews

No studies found 224 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 105 · 6.8%Very low 383 · 24.8%Low 447 · 29%Moderate 293 · 19%High 91 · 5.9%

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to higher adverse events: temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids may leads to higher adverse events ‐ temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent… compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cannabinoids vs placebo

Adverse event: gastrointestinal disorders at 1‐month (with actual · diagnosis of dementia (dementia in Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, or mixed dementia; any severity

Comparison: cannabinoids showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ gastrointestinal disorders ‐ total gastrointestinal… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids)

Adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat (longest… compared with placebo (on top of topical steroids) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Valproate vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · Children and adolescents with acute mania

It is very uncertain whether valproate changes individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 4 weeks (secondary… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs placebo or supportive treatment

Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events)… compared with supportive therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hydroxyzine 25 mg vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria

Hydroxyzine 25 mg showed no clear difference in adverse events leading to withdrawal: intermediate‐term duration of… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Live zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events ‐ injection site adverse events Clinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Live zoster vaccine probably leads to higher participants with adverse events ‐ injection site adverse… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus doxycycline) · Children and adolescents with ADHD

It is very uncertain whether methylphenidate changes proportion of participants with one or more adverse events… compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Baclofen vs placebo

Adverse events: number of participants with ≥ 1 adverse event at end of treatment · alcohol use disorder

Summary of findings table ‐ Baclofen showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of participants with ≥ 1 adverse event at end… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water)

Significant adverse events (seizures, thromboembolism) within 24 hours of surgery) · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps

Tranexamic acid showed no clear difference in significant adverse events (seizures, thromboembolism) within 24… compared with placebo (saline solution or sterile water) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Valproate vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania

Valproate showed no clear difference in individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 3‐8 weeks (secondary… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review