Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

584 questions · 590 findings · 240 reviews

No studies found 106 · 18%GRADE not reported 94 · 15.9%Very low 137 · 23.2%Low 134 · 22.7%Moderate 98 · 16.6%High 21 · 3.6%

Meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) (20 mg/kg/d for 20 days) vs placebo (3 tablets/4 times a day

Risk for at least one adverse event per patient · People with American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) (20 mg/kg/d for 20 days) probably leads to higher adverse effects (number of participants who had at least one adverse… compared with placebo (3 tablets/4 times a day (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

Adverse effect: fatigue · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – fatigue… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Secukinumab vs placebo

Proportion of participants with adverse effects in the short term ‐ not reported · chronic palmoplantar pustulosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs placebo or supportive treatment

Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events)… compared with supportive therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lamotrigine vs placebo

Any reported adverse effects up to 12 weeks after starting treatment (short term) · bipolar disorder

It is very uncertain whether lamotrigine changes any reported adverse effects up to 12 weeks after starting treatment… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo

Any adverse effects of vitamin supplementation sufficient to stop supplementation · pregnant women

Vitamin C and vitamin E showed no clear difference in any adverse effects of vitamin supplementation sufficient to stop… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs placebo

Global: Other adverse effects than tardive dyskinesia Self‐report by participants · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) showed no clear difference in global: Other adverse effects than tardive dyskinesia Self‐report by… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorhexidine mouthrinse (any concentration; 0.05% to 0.2%) used in conjunction with mechanical oral hygiene procedures vs Placebo/control mouthrinse, or no mouthrinse (mechanical oral hygiene alone); controls pooled (protocol's separate comparisons versus mechanical oral hygiene alone and versus placebo/control merged)

Other adverse effects (taste disturbance, oral mucosal effects, burning sensation) · Children or adults with gingivitis or periodontitis capable of performing normal mechanical oral hygiene procedures (some with medical…
1 finding from 1 review

Interferon vs placebo

Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (fever) ‐ postsurgical · participants with recurrent herpes labialis

Interferon showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (fever)… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

TNF‐α blockers intervention vs placebo or additional treatment

Adverse effects: contact dermatitis · children diagnosed with Kawasaki disease

It is very uncertain whether TNF‐α blockers intervention changes adverse effects after treatment initiation: cutaneous reactions… compared with placebo or additional treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intranasal beta‐estradiol vs placebo

Adverse effects Intranasal beta‐estradiol 0.021 mg/day, 0.029 mg/day or 0.040 mg/day · women with hot flushes

Intranasal beta‐estradiol probably leads to higher adverse effects Intranasal beta‐estradiol 0.021 mg/day, 0.029 mg/day… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin vs TNS plus oral placebo

Number experiencing adverse effects · children with cystic fibrosis and a new culture positive for P aeruginosa

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of antibiotics: number of participants experiencing… compared with TNS plus oral placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

Other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction) · adults with tinnitus

Ginkgo biloba showed no clear difference in other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vigabatrin vs placebo

Adverse effects: dizziness, lightheadedness · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Vigabatrin may leads to higher adverse effects: dizziness/light‐headedness Duration of treatment… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review