Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,918 questions · 5,537 findings · 1,803 reviews

No studies found 1,309 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 440 · 7.9%Very low 1,560 · 28.2%Low 1,292 · 23.3%Moderate 751 · 13.6%High 185 · 3.3%

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Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids may leads to higher adverse events ‐ temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent… compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent… compared with alkylating agents ± steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cannabinoids vs placebo

Adverse event: gastrointestinal disorders at 1‐month (with actual · diagnosis of dementia (dementia in Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, or mixed dementia; any severity

Comparison: cannabinoids showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ gastrointestinal disorders ‐ total gastrointestinal… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids)

Adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat (longest… compared with placebo (on top of topical steroids) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Impulsive lifestyle counselling + treatment‐as‐usual vs usual care

Adverse events:incarceration Assessed by: incarceration between a 3‐ and 9‐month · adults with antisocial personality disorder

It is very uncertain whether impulsive lifestyle counselling + treatment‐as‐usual changes adverse events:incarceration Assessed by: incarceration between a 3‐… compared with treatment‐as‐usual alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sclerotherapy vs no intervention

Serious adverse events and liver‐related morbidity: incidence of gastric varices · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis

It is very uncertain whether sclerotherapy changes serious adverse events and liver‐related morbidity: incidence of… compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment

Adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by patient records) · recent‐onset psychosis

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by… compared with standard SEI teams plus treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Valproate vs lithium

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania

Valproate showed no clear difference in individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 3 weeks (secondary… compared with lithium (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Valproate vs lithium

Adverse events: somnolence/sedation · Children and adolescents with acute mania

It is very uncertain whether valproate changes individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 8 weeks (secondary… compared with lithium (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Valproate vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · Children and adolescents with acute mania

It is very uncertain whether valproate changes individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 4 weeks (secondary… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs placebo or supportive treatment

Adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events) Medium‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events)… compared with supportive therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Certolizumab pegol 200 mg sc (with or without MTX) vs placebo (with or without MTX)

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with rheumatoid arthritis in adults

Certolizumab pegol 200 mg sc (with or without MTX) leads to higher withdrawals due to adverse events All doses of certolizumab pegol… compared with placebo (with or without MTX) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Live zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events ‐ injection site adverse events Clinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Live zoster vaccine probably leads to higher participants with adverse events ‐ injection site adverse… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus doxycycline) · Children and adolescents with ADHD

It is very uncertain whether methylphenidate changes proportion of participants with one or more adverse events… compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Baclofen vs naltrexone

Adverse events: number of participants with ≥ 1 adverse event at end of treatment · alcohol use disorder

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Baclofen changes adverse events: number of participants with ≥ 1 adverse event at end… compared with naltrexone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Baclofen vs placebo

Adverse events: number of participants with ≥ 1 adverse event at end of treatment · alcohol use disorder

Summary of findings table ‐ Baclofen showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of participants with ≥ 1 adverse event at end… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review