Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,949 questions · 1,994 findings · 636 reviews

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No studies found 504 · 25.3%GRADE not reported 340 · 17.1%Very low 477 · 23.9%Low 390 · 19.6%Moderate 241 · 12.1%High 42 · 2.1%

Arnica vs ibuprofen

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with hand osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Topical herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

CLOZAPINE vs Typical antipsychotics

Adverse effects: 1. Blood problems ‐ decreased white cell count · patients with schizophrenia

CLOZAPINE probably leads to higher adverse effects: 1. Blood problems ‐ decreased white cell count compared with TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.09 [1.96, 25.62]
13 studies · 1031 participants
Moderate

Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Adverse effects on oral health: bleeding on probing (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 1 RCT at 6 months found no difference (very low-certainty)
0 studies
No studies found

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral ciprofloxacin

Adverse effects of antibiotics: leading to trial discontinuation · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 223 participants
Moderate

CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Adverse effects on oral health: bleeding on probing (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 2 RCTs at 6 months found no difference (low-certainty)
0 studies
No studies found

Regional anaesthesia vs conventional pain control

Adverse effects of paravertebral block for breast cancer surgery · women with breast cancer undergoing elective surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE

Adverse effects: Specific ‐ dystonia between 0‐3 days (IM phase) · patients to psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: Specific ‐ dystonia between 0‐3 days (IM phase) compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.06, 13.93]
1 study · 35 participants
Very low

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE

Adverse effects: Specific ‐ rigidity between 0‐3 days (IM phase) · patients to psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: Specific ‐ rigidity between 0‐3 days (IM phase) compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.65, 1.19]
1 study · 35 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Long term adverse effects or toxicity from observational studies

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Other methods (pooled: ART/glass ionomer cement, nano-silver fluoride, sodium fluoride varnish, placebo)

Adverse effects (tooth staining and other side effects) · Children and adults with active dental caries (aged 1-50; mostly preschool/school children with primary dentition)

SDF commonly causes black staining of arrested lesions; only mild, transient adverse events were reported, with no major adverse events (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

The role of silver diamine fluoride as dental caries preventive and arresting agent: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes
up to 30 months · Children/adults with dental caries; multiple countries; community/clinic care setting not clearly specified
Black staining of arrested lesions reported in most studies; 4 studies reported mild transient events (gingival blenching/pain; diarrhea/stomachache; burning, bad taste, pain, mouth injury, dissatisfaction with…
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Gabapentin vs placebo

Adverse effects: ataxia Number of participants experiencing ataxia · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Gabapentin may leads to higher adverse effects: ataxiaNumber of participants experiencing ataxia compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.01
3 studies · 787 participants
Low

Gabapentin vs placebo

Nausea · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Gabapentin probably leads to lower adverse effects: nauseaNumber of participants experiencing nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95
4 studies · 1034 participants
Moderate

Vigabatrin vs placebo

Ataxia · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

It is very uncertain whether vigabatrin changes adverse effects: ataxia Duration of treatment (range): 7–36 weeks compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vigabatrin add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.76 [0.96, 7.94]
7 studies · 481 participants
Very low

Bromocriptine vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · adults with antisocial personality disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects Oral glucose tolerance test (mg/dL) (at one year) · people with thalassaemia (any age)

1 finding from 1 review

Growth hormone therapy for people with thalassaemia 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Moderate

Benzodiazepines (lorazepam) vs Oxazepam

Adverse effects: clinically important adverse effectsassessed by: number of participants with a delayed memory deficitStudy duration: 4 weeks · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

HALOPERIDOL vs ARIPIPRAZOLE

Adverse effects: any serious, specific ‐ dystonia during 24 hours · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: any serious, specific ‐ dystonia during 24 hours compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.63 [1.52, 28.86]
2 studies · 477 participants
Very low

Chewing gum vs control

Number of participants with adverse effects or intolerance to gum · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section

1 finding from 1 review

Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 1888 participants
Low

FLUPHENAZINE vs LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

Adverse effects ‐ movement disorders ‐ At least one movement disorder · patients with schizophrenia

FLUPHENAZINE may leads to higher adverse effects‐movement disorders‐at least one movement disorder compared with LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluphenazine versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.11 [1.41, 3.15]
3 studies · 971 participants
Low

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, and excessive sleepiness · otherwise healthy adults and children with common cold symptoms

Antihistamine‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, and excessive sleepiness compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.38 [0.63, 3]
5 studies · 692 participants
Low