What do systematic reviews say?

Tranexamic acid vs alternative haemostatic agents

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betahistine vs placebo

• Betahistine for tinnitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 11 participants
  Very low
• Betahistine for tinnitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 41 participants
  Moderate

Betahistine vs placebo (with concurrent medication)

• Betahistine for tinnitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Moderate

Post‐treatment communication (text messaging) vs No communication (no text message)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low‐level laser therapy vs Placebo (or no irradiation)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CBT vs No special instructions (control)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects for CBT: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) vs No chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Brain wave music (BWM) vs No special instructions (control)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects for BWM: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Vibratory stimulation (vibratory adjuncts) vs No vibration or placebo vibration

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Fluoridated milk vs Non-fluoridated milk

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No evidence found. (Correspondence with the author (Maslak 2004) confirmed that no adverse effects were reported.)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Blood pressure‐lowering efficacy of monotherapy with thiazide diuretics for primary hypertension 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  20 studies · 3698 participants
  Very low

Allopurinol 100‐300 mg daily vs febuxostat 80 mg daily

Allopurinol 100‐300 mg daily showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse effects compared with febuxostat 80 mg daily (moderate certainty).

• Allopurinol for chronic gout 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.62, 1.26]
  3 studies · 2555 participants
  Moderate

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs ARB

All angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors leads to lower withdrawal due to adverse effects compared with all angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (high certainty).

• Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.74, 0.93]
  8 studies · 10963 participants
  High

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

ICS showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ nausea/vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.03, 3.18]
  1 study · 94 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for drooling in children with cerebral palsy 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

CLOZAPINE vs Typical antipsychotics

CLOZAPINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects 1. Blood problems compared with TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS; GRADE not reported.

• Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.9 [0.97, 3.71]
  5 studies · 827 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course

• Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1477 participants
  Low

Roselle extract vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Roselle for hypertension in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) vs broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all outcomes

It is very uncertain whether antistaphylococcal cephalosporins C1 and C2 (1st and 2nd generation) changes maternal composite adverse effects compared with broad spectrum penicillins plus betalactamase inhibitors P2+ ‐ all… (very low certainty).

• Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.09, 10.5]
  2 studies · 468 participants
  Very low