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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,949 questions · 1,994 findings · 636 reviews

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No studies found 504 · 25.3%GRADE not reported 340 · 17.1%Very low 477 · 23.9%Low 390 · 19.6%Moderate 241 · 12.1%High 42 · 2.1%

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line thiazides vs calcium channel blockers

Adverse effects (side effects; treatment withdrawals) · patients with hypertension

First‐line thiazides may leads to lower withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 5 years compared with first‐line calcium channel blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo mouthwash

Adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study medication · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and all ages; all four…

Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA)… showed no clear difference in side effects or other adverse events requiring withdrawal compared with placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects (of fracture and management) At 12 months · patients being treated for radial head fractures; subsequent management was non‐surgical
1 finding from 1 review

Tongue scraper or tongue cleaner (One Drop Only tongue cleaner; Tongue-Putzer scraper; polystyrene scraper) vs Toothbrush (used to clean the tongue)

Adverse effects (tongue trauma, nausea) and acceptability · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis
1 finding from 1 review
  • Tongue scraping for treating halitosis 2006 · Cochrane All outcomes
    1 week (Pedrazzi 2004)
    Pedrazzi 2004: six of ten (60%) participants complained of nausea and one participant of tongue trauma, only with the toothbrush; all participants were receptive to the tongue scraper. Seemann 2001: no adverse effects…
    2 studies
    GRADE not reported

Bone-anchored intermaxillary traction (BAIMT) vs Removable mandibular retractor (RMR)

Adverse effects / patient-reported (pain, self-confidence) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion)
1 finding from 1 review