What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher withdrawals due to adverse effects 5 years (moderate certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.8 [4.14, 5.57]
  1 study · 17354 participants
  Moderate

Surgery vs botulinum neurotoxin injections

• Interventions for infantile esotropia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 101 participants
  Very low

Bilateral recession vs unilateral recession‐resection

• Interventions for infantile esotropia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 118 participants
  Very low

Perampanel add‐on vs placebo

Perampanel add‐on may leads to higher treatment withdrawal due to adverse effects compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.36 [1.59, 3.51]
  7 studies · 2524 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects: diabetes or hyperglycaemia compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.48 [0.19, 1.25]
  7 studies · 450 participants
  Low

Analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Analgesic‐decongestant leads to higher adverse effects: dizziness, lightheadedness compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.86 [1.02, 8.01]
  4 studies · 1287 participants
  High

Pregabalin vs placebo

Pregabalin probably leads to higher treatment withdrawal due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.6 [1.86, 3.64]
  9 studies · 2663 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Continuation changes adverse effects: ≥ 1 adverse effect – total compared with reduction of polypharmacy (very low certainty).

• Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5 [0.28, 88.53]
  1 study · 14 participants
  Very low

Coronectomy vs Complete extraction (odontectomy)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 30 days
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.1 [2.74, 3.5]
  29 studies · 20623 participants
  High

Oral vs intra‐vaginal antifungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis

• Oral versus intra‐vaginal imidazole and triazole anti‐fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  23 studies · 4637 participants
  High

CBT vs no treatment or waiting list

CBT showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects at end of treatment compared with no intervention/waiting list control (moderate certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.13, 69.87]
  7 studies · 447 participants
  Moderate

Combined HBO and perioperative antibiotics prior to dental implant therapy vs antibiotics alone

• Interventions for preventing osteoradionecrosis of the jaws in adults receiving head and neck radiotherapy 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 year
  This comparison was only made in 1 study which reported no serious adverse events associated with HBO therapy. Quality of life measures (oral status, functioning, satisfaction) showed emotional functioning and pain…
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention vs needs‐focused intervention

It is very uncertain whether group B antipsychotic drugs: amisulpiride + needs‐focused intervention changes adverse effects: suicidal thoughts (events) compared with needs‐focused intervention (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.01, 6.1]
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OLANZAPINE

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) may leads to lower adverse effects: somnolence during 24 hours compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE (low certainty).

• Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.08, 0.82]
  1 study · 80 participants
  Low

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 244 participants
  Low

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 510 participants
  Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 119 participants
  Low

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: increase in blood pressure compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  RR 1.00 [0.07, 14.85]
  1 study · 38 participants
  Very low

Tacrolimus 0.03% vs pimecrolimus 1%

Tacrolimus 0.03% showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ application site reaction compared with pimecrolimus 1% (low certainty).

• Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.6, 1.91]
  1 study · 141 participants
  Low