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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (ITT analysis) · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [1.45, 2.23] | 12 studies · 1322 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.91, 1.37] | 14 studies · 1806 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo Ataxia · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.34 | 12 studies · 1525 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo Dizziness · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.76 | 13 studies · 1768 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo Fatigue · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 | 12 studies · 1552 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo Nausea · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.81 | 12 studies · 1486 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lamotrigine vs placebo Diplopia · participants with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.79 [2.15, 6.68] | 3 studies · 944 participants | Moderate |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo Seizure freedom · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ‐ ITT analysis · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.3 | 3 studies · 172 participants | Moderate |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo Adverse events of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 | 3 studies · 172 participants | Low |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo Allergic reactions · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo Cognitive effects · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immunomodulatory interventions vs placebo Quality of life · people with focal epilepsy Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo ≥ 50% reduction in seizure frequency · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.43, 1.95] | 7 studies · 2524 participants | High |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo Seizure freedom · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [1.38, 4.54] | 5 studies · 2323 participants | Low |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo Treatment withdrawal due to any reason · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.03, 1.63] | 7 studies · 2524 participants | Low |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo Treatment withdrawal due to adverse effects · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.36 [1.59, 3.51] | 7 studies · 2524 participants | Low |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced ≥ 1 adverse effect · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.1, 1.24] | 7 studies · 2524 participants | High |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced ataxia · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 14.32 | 2 studies · 1098 participants | Low |
Perampanel add‐on vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced dizziness · people (aged 12 years and over) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Perampanel add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.87 | 7 studies · 2524 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mixed (adults and children) Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 7111 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adults Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1914 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Children Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 2232 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mixed (adults and children) Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 studies · 6843 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adults Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2468 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Children Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 2313 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mixed (adults and children) Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 6908 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adults Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2043 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Children Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 2172 participants | Moderate |
High vs low stimulation 50% reduction in seizure frequency (responders) · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [1.13, 2.64] | 4 studies · 373 participants | Moderate |
High vs low stimulation Withdrawals · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.56 [0.51, 12.71] | 4 studies · 375 participants | Low |
High vs low stimulation Voice alteration or hoarseness · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.17 [1.49, 3.17] | 3 studies · 330 participants | Moderate |
High vs low stimulation Cough · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.74, 1.62] | 3 studies · 334 participants | Moderate |
High vs low stimulation Dyspnoea · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.45 [1.07, 5.6] | 2 studies · 312 participants | Low |
High vs low stimulation Pain · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.6, 1.68] | 2 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
High vs low stimulation Paraesthesias · people with focal seizures Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.39, 1.53] | 2 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
Rapid vs slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs Seizure freedom after 1 year of AED withdrawal · people with epilepsy Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.58, 1.01] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Rapid vs slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs Seizure freedom after 2 years of AED withdrawal · people with epilepsy Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.58, 1.29] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Rapid vs slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs Seizure freedom after 5 years of AED withdrawal · people with epilepsy Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.54, 3.65] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Primary outcomes · patients with stroke Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Primary seizure prophylaxis after stroke · patients with stroke Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.34, 1.26] | 2 studies · 856 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Secondary seizure prophylaxis after stroke · patients with stroke Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Secondary outcomes · patients with stroke Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Proportion of participants who had died or become dependent at the end of the scheduled · patients with stroke Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.73, 1.27] | 2 studies · 856 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR NIHSS from admission for SICH to 12 months · patients with stroke Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Pregabalin vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ‐ ITT analysis · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.95 [1.4, 2.72] | 9 studies · 2663 participants | Low |
Pregabalin vs placebo Adverse effect: headache · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.45, 0.94] | 6 studies · 1850 participants | Very low |
Pregabalin vs placebo Adverse effect: nausea · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.56, 2.58] | 4 studies · 1267 participants | Low |
Pregabalin vs placebo Adverse effect: somnolence · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Pregabalin add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [1.49, 2.81] | 9 studies · 2663 participants | Low |