What do systematic reviews say?

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition may leads to lower in‐hospital all‐cause mortality compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.14, 0.87]
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition may leads to lower neonatal mortality (within 28 days of birth) compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.29 [0.1, 0.88]
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition showed no clear difference in healthcare‐associated blood stream infection compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.22 [0.05, 1.01]
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition may leads to lower healthcare‐associated infection (any type) compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.32, 0.89]
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition showed no clear difference in mean duration of hospital stay compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 9.5
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition showed no clear difference in mean duration of mechanical ventilation compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 3.4
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition

Late parenteral nutrition showed no clear difference in hypoglycaemia compared with early parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.64 [0.91, 2.96]
  1 study · 209 participants
  Low

MFS‐LE vs S‐LE

MFS‐LE showed no clear difference in parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease/cholestasis compared with S‐LE (low certainty).

• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.32 [0.14, 78.25]
  1 study · 57 participants
  Low

MS‐LE vs S‐LE

It is very uncertain whether MS‐LE changes parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease/cholestasis compared with S‐LE (very low certainty).

• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.13, 70.83]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs S‐LE

All fish oil containing LE showed no clear difference in parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease/cholestasis compared with S‐LE (low certainty).

• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.29, 2.16]
  4 studies · 341 participants
  Low

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) vs S‐LE

All alternative LE showed no clear difference in parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease/cholestasis compared with S‐LE (low certainty).

• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.37, 1.86]
  7 studies · 602 participants
  Low

MOFS‐LE vs S‐LE

MOFS‐LE showed no clear difference in parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease/cholestasis compared with S‐LE (low certainty).

• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.29, 2.13]
  4 studies · 314 participants
  Low

Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds

• Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 977 participants
  Low

Oral stimulation vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 268 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 334 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher feeding interruption requiring parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.86
  1 study · 125 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids

• Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 21 participants
  Low
• Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 87 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids

• Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported