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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries
current versionsNo studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
12% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 12% SDF solution (applied biannually) Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 30 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.02] | 1 study · 799 participants | High |
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month (4 to 6 weeks) Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.47 [-0.84, -0.11] | 5 studies · 290 participants | Very low |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.19 [0.01, 0.37] | 18 studies · 902 participants | Ungraded |
10% CPP-ACP cream (+ 900-ppm NaF mouthrinse + 1,000-ppm NaF dentifrice) vs Placebo cream (+ 900-ppm NaF mouthrinse + 1,000-ppm NaF dentifrice) Arrest or reversal of noncavitated facial/lingual carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on facial/lingual surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 1 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 1.28 [0.97, 1.68] | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily Gingival bleeding index (mean change from baseline) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond; follow-up 1.5 years Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.07 [-0.15, 0.01] | 1 study · 97 participants | Very low |
Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing Gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.02 [-0.10, 0.06] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste Adverse effects of toothpaste · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | Adverse effects of toothpaste: no studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomy dressing vs Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement Clinical and radiographic success · Immature (young) permanent teeth with open apex and vital pulp exposed to dental caries or trauma, in children aged… · 6 and 12 months Materials for pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2019) | Single RCT (Nosrat 2012, 118 roots): 100% clinical and radiographic success in both MTA and CEM at 6 and 12 months (MTA 53/53 then 54/54 roots; CEM 55/55 then 57/57 roots); no statistical difference between groups at… | 1 study · 118 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.2% The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.12 [0.03, 0.21] | 12 studies · 566 participants | Ungraded |
1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.15 [-0.31, 0.0] | 3 studies | Low |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse Post-treatment Lactobacillus count · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-treatment The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD -1.12 [-1.45, -0.79] | 2 studies · 60 participants | Ungraded |
1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste Adverse effects of toothpaste · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · 12 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | Adverse effects of toothpaste: not estimable. "There were no reports on adverse effects, but some children complained about the taste of the dentifrice" (Cardoso 2014); 195 participants (1 RCT); low-certainty. | 1 study · 195 participants | Low |
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · heavy contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD -0.81 [-1.06, -0.56] | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily White spot lesion index (mean change from baseline) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond; follow-up 1.5 years Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.10, 0] | 1 study · 97 participants | Very low |
1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste Caries increment, surface index d(m)fs · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · Follow-up: 20 to 36 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.38, 0.28] | 2 studies · 1958 participants | Moderate |
Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.16 [-0.41, 0.10] | 3 studies · 235 participants | Low |
1700 to 2200 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste Caries increment, surface index D(M)FS · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.32 [-0.41, -0.22] | NR | Low |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group) Streptococcus mutans count (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 1.82 [1.03, 2.62] | 5 studies · 71 participants | Ungraded |
5% NaF varnish vs Resin infiltration + 5% NaF varnish Arrest or reversal of noncavitated approximal carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on approximal surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 12-36 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 0.5 [0.18, 1.37] | 6 studies · 565 participants | Very low |
No intervention (single-arm cohort estimates) vs No comparator First dentine caries incidence rate per person-year at risk (D3) · Caries-free children and adolescents with permanent dentition · Follow-up of at least 3 years Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019) | Incidence rate per person-year at risk 0.14 [0.12, 0.16] | 1 study | Ungraded |
30% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 5% NaF varnish (once weekly for 3 weeks) Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 18 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 1.47 [1.22, 1.76] | 1 study · 309 participants | High |
Learning disability (CLD) vs No learning disability (CNLD) Restorative index (RI), permanent teeth · Children aged 1-18 years Dental caries experience, care index and restorative index in children with learning disabilities and… (2019) | Mean restorative index CLD 0.15 (SD 0.14) vs CNLD 0.28 (SD 0.33) for permanent teeth; RI in CLD was less than or equal to CNLD in 4 of 9 studies. Not meta-analyzed (no variance data). In CLD the RI tended to exceed the… | 9 studies | Ungraded |
12% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 12% SDF solution (applied biannually) Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 18 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 0.91 [0.83, 0.99] | 1 study · 799 participants | Moderate |
Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) vs Abscess remedy (AR) Clinical and radiographic success · Immature (young) permanent teeth with open apex and vital pulp exposed to dental caries or trauma, in children aged… · 3 to 24 months Materials for pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2019) | Single RCT (Eppa 2018, 3-arm; 20 TAP and 20 AR teeth): TAP 100% (20/20) vs abscess remedy 80% (16/20) clinical and radiographic success; difference statistically significant at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months (P<0.05);… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
38% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 5,000-ppm F (1.1% NaF) toothpaste or gel Arrest or reversal of noncavitated and cavitated root carious lesions · Adults (including institutionalized/older adults) with noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions on root surfaces… · 3-12 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 0.72 [0.18, 2.95] | 7 studies · 1304 participants | Very low |
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · heavy contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD -1.03 [-1.36, -0.70] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Pulpotomy vs Pulpectomy Pathological periapical radiolucency · Children with carious vital pulp exposure in primary incisors · Longest follow-up Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. A systematic review… (2019) | The results of two trials showed considerable statistical heterogeneity so no meta-analysis was performed for this outcome. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
5% NaF varnish vs 5,000-ppm F (1.1% NaF) toothpaste or gel Arrest or reversal of noncavitated and cavitated root carious lesions · Adults (including institutionalized/older adults) with noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions on root surfaces… · 3-12 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 1.13 [0.1, 13.12] | 7 studies · 1304 participants | Very low |
1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 440 ppm F toothpaste Proportion developing new caries · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · 60 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.81, 0.94] | 1 study · 2362 participants | Moderate |
Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | No included study assessed caries as an outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
5% NaF varnish vs Sealant Arrest or reversal of noncavitated approximal carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on approximal surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 12-36 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 0.95 [0.38, 2.41] | 6 studies · 565 participants | Very low |
Longitudinal follow-up over time (natural caries progression; no assigned intervention) vs Within-cohort change from baseline to follow-up (>=3 y) Annual decline in percentage of caries-free children (primary dentition, d3) · Children (primary dentition, d3), Western or comparable populations · Annual (studies with >=3 y follow-up) Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019) | 3.8% to 12.2% | 6 studies · 3318 participants | Ungraded |
Learning disability (CLD) vs No learning disability (CNLD) Caries experience in primary teeth (dmft/deft) · Children aged 1-18 years Dental caries experience, care index and restorative index in children with learning disabilities and… (2019) | SMD 0.41 [-0.14, 0.96] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) vs Children and adolescents without JIA (healthy peers) Developmental enamel defects · Children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) Oral health in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis - a systematic review and… (2019) | The only study reporting developmental enamel defects [22] found the condition more frequent among children with JIA than healthy peers, but the sample size was too small to draw any reliable conclusion. | 1 study · 110 participants | Ungraded |
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | No included study assessed caries as an outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
1500 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste Caries increment, surface index d(m)fs · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · Follow-up: 24 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | MD -1.86 [-2.51, -1.21] | 1 study · 998 participants | Moderate |
Laser enamel preparation alone (Er,Cr:YSGG or CO2 laser) vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid) Patient acceptability (VAS discomfort) · Caries-free children to young adults with premolars/molars requiring pit-and-fissure sealants The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic… (2019) | Kumar 2016 (Er,Cr:YSGG laser vs acid-etching): patient acceptance scored on a visual analogue scale; both preparations well accepted, P = 1.000; no significant difference. | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Dental cavity liner (e.g. calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, or flowable composite) placed under the restoration vs No liner (resin-based composite bonded directly to the tooth) Restoration failure · Adults or children with a Class I or Class II resin-based composite restoration in a permanent posterior tooth · 2 years Dental cavity liners for Class I and Class II resin‐based composite restorations (2019) · Cochrane | Three studies evaluated restoration longevity at 2 years follow-up; no failures were shown in either group (effect not estimable). | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Residence in low-contamination area (approx. 5-15 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 12-15 years (adolescents) · low contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD 4.16 [3.84, 4.48] | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Flossing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone Gingivitis (gingival index) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.58 [-1.12, -0.04] | 8 studies · 585 participants | Low |
Dental cavity liner (e.g. calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, or flowable composite) placed under the restoration vs No liner (resin-based composite bonded directly to the tooth) Restoration failure · Adults or children with a Class I or Class II resin-based composite restoration in a permanent posterior tooth · 1 year Dental cavity liners for Class I and Class II resin‐based composite restorations (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.00 [0.07, 15.00] | 4 studies | Low |
Laser enamel preparation alone (Er,Cr:YSGG or CO2 laser) vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid) Clinical (chair-side) time · Caries-free children to young adults with premolars/molars requiring pit-and-fissure sealants The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic… (2019) | Walsh 1996 reported laser conditioning time of 7 s vs 70 s for acid preparation; Kumar 2016 reported Er,Cr:YSGG exposure ~10 s vs >35 s for acid etching; laser conditioning was shorter but times were not pooled, and… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children of mixed ages (mean approximately 12 years; no age separation) · heavy contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD 0.65 [0.64, 0.66] | 1 study · 1033 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Refrained from mechanical plaque control The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.22 [0.05, 0.39] | 7 studies · 308 participants | Ungraded |
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) vs Children and adolescents without JIA (healthy peers) Oral ulcerations · Children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) Oral health in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis - a systematic review and… (2019) | One study focused on oral ulceration [25] found five of forty-one children with JIA affected versus one of forty-one children without JIA. | 1 study · 82 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dental calculus accumulation · - Oral health in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis - a systematic review and… (2019) | Calculus index (presence) NR (significantly higher in JIA) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Residence in low-contamination area (approx. 5-15 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · low contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD 5.22 [4.72, 5.72] | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF; 30% or 38%) vs 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish Arrested dentine caries (arrested caries surfaces) · Preschool children with active dentine caries in primary teeth (mean age 3.4-4.0 years) · 18 months Silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride for arresting dentine caries in children: a systematic review… (2019) | OR 2.51 [1.25, 5.10] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Longitudinal follow-up over time (natural caries progression; no assigned intervention) vs Within-cohort change from baseline to follow-up (>=3 y) Caries incidence rate (first D3 lesion) per person-year at risk (permanent dentition) · Children and adolescents (permanent dentition, D3, up to 21 y), Western or comparable populations · Per person-year at risk Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019) | Incidence rate (per person-year at risk) 0.11 [0.09, 0.13] | 15 studies · 10768 participants | Ungraded |
Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group) Mean plaque score (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD -0.19 [-0.39, 0.02] | 7 studies · 152 participants | Ungraded |