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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
12% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 12% SDF solution (applied biannually)
Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 30 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.02]1 study · 799 participantsHigh
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing
Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month (4 to 6 weeks)
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane
SMD -0.47 [-0.84, -0.11]5 studies · 290 participantsVery low
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse
Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention
The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019)
MD 0.19 [0.01, 0.37]18 studies · 902 participantsUngraded
10% CPP-ACP cream (+ 900-ppm NaF mouthrinse + 1,000-ppm NaF dentifrice) vs Placebo cream (+ 900-ppm NaF mouthrinse + 1,000-ppm NaF dentifrice)
Arrest or reversal of noncavitated facial/lingual carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on facial/lingual surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 1 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 1.28 [0.97, 1.68]1 study · 45 participantsLow
1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily
Gingival bleeding index (mean change from baseline) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond; follow-up 1.5 years
Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane
MD -0.07 [-0.15, 0.01]1 study · 97 participantsVery low
Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing
Gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane
MD -0.02 [-0.10, 0.06]1 study · 31 participantsVery low
1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste
Adverse effects of toothpaste · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start)
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
Adverse effects of toothpaste: no studies reported this outcome.0 studiesNo studies
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomy dressing vs Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement
Clinical and radiographic success · Immature (young) permanent teeth with open apex and vital pulp exposed to dental caries or trauma, in children aged… · 6 and 12 months
Materials for pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2019)
Single RCT (Nosrat 2012, 118 roots): 100% clinical and radiographic success in both MTA and CEM at 6 and 12 months (MTA 53/53 then 54/54 roots; CEM 55/55 then 57/57 roots); no statistical difference between groups at…1 study · 118 participantsUngraded
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse
Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.2%
The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019)
MD 0.12 [0.03, 0.21]12 studies · 566 participantsUngraded
1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste
Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
SMD -0.15 [-0.31, 0.0]3 studiesLow
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse
Post-treatment Lactobacillus count · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-treatment
The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019)
MD -1.12 [-1.45, -0.79]2 studies · 60 participantsUngraded
1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste
Adverse effects of toothpaste · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · 12 months
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
Adverse effects of toothpaste: not estimable. "There were no reports on adverse effects, but some children complained about the taste of the dentifrice" (Cardoso 2014); 195 participants (1 RCT); low-certainty.1 study · 195 participantsLow
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2)
Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · heavy contamination
A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019)
WMD -0.81 [-1.06, -0.56]1 study · 80 participantsUngraded
1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily
White spot lesion index (mean change from baseline) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond; follow-up 1.5 years
Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane
MD -0.05 [-0.10, 0]1 study · 97 participantsVery low
1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste
Caries increment, surface index d(m)fs · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · Follow-up: 20 to 36 months
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
MD -0.05 [-0.38, 0.28]2 studies · 1958 participantsModerate
Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone
Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane
SMD -0.16 [-0.41, 0.10]3 studies · 235 participantsLow
1700 to 2200 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste
Caries increment, surface index D(M)FS · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
SMD -0.32 [-0.41, -0.22]NRLow
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)
Streptococcus mutans count (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment
The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019)
MD 1.82 [1.03, 2.62]5 studies · 71 participantsUngraded
5% NaF varnish vs Resin infiltration + 5% NaF varnish
Arrest or reversal of noncavitated approximal carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on approximal surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 12-36 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 0.5 [0.18, 1.37]6 studies · 565 participantsVery low
No intervention (single-arm cohort estimates) vs No comparator
First dentine caries incidence rate per person-year at risk (D3) · Caries-free children and adolescents with permanent dentition · Follow-up of at least 3 years
Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019)
Incidence rate per person-year at risk 0.14 [0.12, 0.16]1 studyUngraded
30% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 5% NaF varnish (once weekly for 3 weeks)
Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 18 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 1.47 [1.22, 1.76]1 study · 309 participantsHigh
Learning disability (CLD) vs No learning disability (CNLD)
Restorative index (RI), permanent teeth · Children aged 1-18 years
Dental caries experience, care index and restorative index in children with learning disabilities and… (2019)
Mean restorative index CLD 0.15 (SD 0.14) vs CNLD 0.28 (SD 0.33) for permanent teeth; RI in CLD was less than or equal to CNLD in 4 of 9 studies. Not meta-analyzed (no variance data). In CLD the RI tended to exceed the…9 studiesUngraded
12% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 12% SDF solution (applied biannually)
Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 18 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 0.91 [0.83, 0.99]1 study · 799 participantsModerate
Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) vs Abscess remedy (AR)
Clinical and radiographic success · Immature (young) permanent teeth with open apex and vital pulp exposed to dental caries or trauma, in children aged… · 3 to 24 months
Materials for pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2019)
Single RCT (Eppa 2018, 3-arm; 20 TAP and 20 AR teeth): TAP 100% (20/20) vs abscess remedy 80% (16/20) clinical and radiographic success; difference statistically significant at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months (P<0.05);…1 study · 40 participantsUngraded
38% SDF solution (applied annually) vs 5,000-ppm F (1.1% NaF) toothpaste or gel
Arrest or reversal of noncavitated and cavitated root carious lesions · Adults (including institutionalized/older adults) with noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions on root surfaces… · 3-12 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 0.72 [0.18, 2.95]7 studies · 1304 participantsVery low
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2)
Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · heavy contamination
A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019)
WMD -1.03 [-1.36, -0.70]1 study · 78 participantsUngraded
Pulpotomy vs Pulpectomy
Pathological periapical radiolucency · Children with carious vital pulp exposure in primary incisors · Longest follow-up
Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. A systematic review… (2019)
The results of two trials showed considerable statistical heterogeneity so no meta-analysis was performed for this outcome.2 studiesUngraded
5% NaF varnish vs 5,000-ppm F (1.1% NaF) toothpaste or gel
Arrest or reversal of noncavitated and cavitated root carious lesions · Adults (including institutionalized/older adults) with noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions on root surfaces… · 3-12 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 1.13 [0.1, 13.12]7 studies · 1304 participantsVery low
1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 440 ppm F toothpaste
Proportion developing new caries · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · 60 months
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.87 [0.81, 0.94]1 study · 2362 participantsModerate
Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing
Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane
No included study assessed caries as an outcome.0 studiesNo studies
5% NaF varnish vs Sealant
Arrest or reversal of noncavitated approximal carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on approximal surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 12-36 mo
Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019)
RR 0.95 [0.38, 2.41]6 studies · 565 participantsVery low
Longitudinal follow-up over time (natural caries progression; no assigned intervention) vs Within-cohort change from baseline to follow-up (>=3 y)
Annual decline in percentage of caries-free children (primary dentition, d3) · Children (primary dentition, d3), Western or comparable populations · Annual (studies with >=3 y follow-up)
Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019)
3.8% to 12.2%6 studies · 3318 participantsUngraded
Learning disability (CLD) vs No learning disability (CNLD)
Caries experience in primary teeth (dmft/deft) · Children aged 1-18 years
Dental caries experience, care index and restorative index in children with learning disabilities and… (2019)
SMD 0.41 [-0.14, 0.96]8 studiesUngraded
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) vs Children and adolescents without JIA (healthy peers)
Developmental enamel defects · Children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
Oral health in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis - a systematic review and… (2019)
The only study reporting developmental enamel defects [22] found the condition more frequent among children with JIA than healthy peers, but the sample size was too small to draw any reliable conclusion.1 study · 110 participantsUngraded
Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone
Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane
No included study assessed caries as an outcome.0 studiesNo studies
1500 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste
Caries increment, surface index d(m)fs · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · Follow-up: 24 months
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane
MD -1.86 [-2.51, -1.21]1 study · 998 participantsModerate
Laser enamel preparation alone (Er,Cr:YSGG or CO2 laser) vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid)
Patient acceptability (VAS discomfort) · Caries-free children to young adults with premolars/molars requiring pit-and-fissure sealants
The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic… (2019)
Kumar 2016 (Er,Cr:YSGG laser vs acid-etching): patient acceptance scored on a visual analogue scale; both preparations well accepted, P = 1.000; no significant difference.1 study · 50 participantsUngraded
Dental cavity liner (e.g. calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, or flowable composite) placed under the restoration vs No liner (resin-based composite bonded directly to the tooth)
Restoration failure · Adults or children with a Class I or Class II resin-based composite restoration in a permanent posterior tooth · 2 years
Dental cavity liners for Class I and Class II resin‐based composite restorations (2019) · Cochrane
Three studies evaluated restoration longevity at 2 years follow-up; no failures were shown in either group (effect not estimable).3 studiesUngraded
Residence in low-contamination area (approx. 5-15 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2)
Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 12-15 years (adolescents) · low contamination
A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019)
WMD 4.16 [3.84, 4.48]1 study · 58 participantsUngraded
Flossing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone
Gingivitis (gingival index) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane
SMD -0.58 [-1.12, -0.04]8 studies · 585 participantsLow
Dental cavity liner (e.g. calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, or flowable composite) placed under the restoration vs No liner (resin-based composite bonded directly to the tooth)
Restoration failure · Adults or children with a Class I or Class II resin-based composite restoration in a permanent posterior tooth · 1 year
Dental cavity liners for Class I and Class II resin‐based composite restorations (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.00 [0.07, 15.00]4 studiesLow
Laser enamel preparation alone (Er,Cr:YSGG or CO2 laser) vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid)
Clinical (chair-side) time · Caries-free children to young adults with premolars/molars requiring pit-and-fissure sealants
The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic… (2019)
Walsh 1996 reported laser conditioning time of 7 s vs 70 s for acid preparation; Kumar 2016 reported Er,Cr:YSGG exposure ~10 s vs >35 s for acid etching; laser conditioning was shorter but times were not pooled, and…2 studiesUngraded
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2)
Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children of mixed ages (mean approximately 12 years; no age separation) · heavy contamination
A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019)
WMD 0.65 [0.64, 0.66]1 study · 1033 participantsUngraded
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse
Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Refrained from mechanical plaque control
The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019)
MD 0.22 [0.05, 0.39]7 studies · 308 participantsUngraded
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) vs Children and adolescents without JIA (healthy peers)
Oral ulcerations · Children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
Oral health in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis - a systematic review and… (2019)
One study focused on oral ulceration [25] found five of forty-one children with JIA affected versus one of forty-one children without JIA.1 study · 82 participantsUngraded
Intervention NR
Dental calculus accumulation · -
Oral health in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis - a systematic review and… (2019)
Calculus index (presence) NR (significantly higher in JIA)1 studyUngraded
Residence in low-contamination area (approx. 5-15 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2)
Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · low contamination
A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019)
WMD 5.22 [4.72, 5.72]1 study · 36 participantsUngraded
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF; 30% or 38%) vs 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish
Arrested dentine caries (arrested caries surfaces) · Preschool children with active dentine caries in primary teeth (mean age 3.4-4.0 years) · 18 months
Silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride for arresting dentine caries in children: a systematic review… (2019)
OR 2.51 [1.25, 5.10]2 studiesUngraded
Longitudinal follow-up over time (natural caries progression; no assigned intervention) vs Within-cohort change from baseline to follow-up (>=3 y)
Caries incidence rate (first D3 lesion) per person-year at risk (permanent dentition) · Children and adolescents (permanent dentition, D3, up to 21 y), Western or comparable populations · Per person-year at risk
Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019)
Incidence rate (per person-year at risk) 0.11 [0.09, 0.13]15 studies · 10768 participantsUngraded
Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)
Mean plaque score (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment
The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019)
MD -0.19 [-0.39, 0.02]7 studies · 152 participantsUngraded