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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

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Review versions

430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction

current versions

No studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs2036527 ‐ non‐Hispanic black or African American End of treatment ‐ heterozygous or homozygous minor · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.55, 1.46]	2 studies · 283 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white 6‐Month abstinence · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.44 [1.08, 1.92]	2 studies · 900 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white 6‐month abstinence ‐ homozygous major · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.34 [0.93, 1.93]	2 studies · 566 participants	Very low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white 6‐Month abstinence ‐ heterozygous · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.76 [1, 3.1]	2 studies · 290 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white 6‐Month abstinence ‐ homozygous minor · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.28 [0.4, 4.11]	2 studies · 44 participants	Very low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.88, 1.63]	2 studies · 900 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs1051730 ‐ non‐Hispanic white Abstinence at end of treatment ‐ heterozygous · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 2.13 [1.52, 2.97]	2 studies · 631 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment ‐ homozygous major · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.22 [0.59, 2.51]	2 studies · 566 participants	Very low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment ‐ heterozygous · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.4 [0.57, 3.39]	2 studies · 290 participants	Very low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ DRD4 (exon 3 48 bp) ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment ‐ homozygous minor · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.65, 1.58]	2 studies · 44 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ NMR ‐ non‐Hispanic black and white 6‐Month abstinence · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.51 [1.08, 2.1]	2 studies · 1417 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ NMR ‐ non‐Hispanic black and white 6‐Month abstinence ‐ slow NMR · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.82 [1.12, 2.94]	2 studies · 628 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ NMR ‐ non‐Hispanic black and white 6‐Month abstinence ‐ normal NMR · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.21 [0.78, 1.87]	2 studies · 789 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ NMR ‐ non‐Hispanic black and white End of treatment · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.51 [1.19, 1.9]	2 studies · 1417 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ NMR ‐ non‐Hispanic black and white End of treatment ‐ slow NMR · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.61 [1.18, 2.2]	2 studies · 847 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ NMR ‐ non‐Hispanic black and white End of treatment ‐ normal NMR · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [0.85, 2.6]	2 studies · 570 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs1051730 ‐ non‐Hispanic white Abstinence at end of treatment ‐ homozygous minor · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 2.18 [1.04, 4.58]	2 studies · 178 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs16969968 ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.38 [0.97, 1.98]	2 studies · 1127 participants	Moderate
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs16969968 ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment ‐ homozygous major · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.77, 1.33]	2 studies · 449 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs16969968 ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment ‐ heterozygous · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.85 [1.33, 2.59]	2 studies · 550 participants	High
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs16969968 ‐ non‐Hispanic white End of treatment ‐ homozygous minor · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.8 [0.45, 7.23]	2 studies · 128 participants	Low
Active NRT vs placebo ‐ rs16969968 ‐ non‐Hispanic black or African American Abstinence at 6 months · people who smoke Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.55, 2.26]	2 studies · 709 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Long‐term change in health status · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Cessation: NRT vs placebo · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.87 [1.43, 2.44]	8 studies · 3081 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cessation: Bupropion vs. placebo · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [0.67, 2.4]	1 study · 594 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cessation: Varenicline vs placebo · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.95 [0.86, 4.4]	1 study · 218 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cessation: Ecigs vs placebo · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.75 [0.97, 7.76]	1 study · 300 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cessation: Snus vs placebo · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 3.06 [0.84, 11.08]	1 study · 319 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cessation: Low‐nicotine cigarettes vs regular cigarettes · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.38 [0.13, 14.79]	1 study · 135 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Cessation: Behavioural reduction advice vs health mailings · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [0.59, 3.76]	1 study · 320 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Cardiovascular health · Smokers and nonsmokers Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco… (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Moderate
Intervention NR Respiratory health · Smokers and nonsmokers Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco… (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Perinatal health · Smokers and nonsmokers Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco… (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Mortality · Smokers and nonsmokers Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco… (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Cessation at longest · People who smoke Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.83 [1.68, 1.98]	52 studies · 19488 participants	High
Intervention NR Cessation at longest · People who smoke Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation (2016) · Cochrane	RR 3.88 [3.35, 4.5]	1 study · 5887 participants	Moderate
Tobacco cessation interventions vs placebo or usual care Tobacco abstinence after counselling (counselling) · people in treatment for or recovery from alcohol or other drug dependency Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.33 [0.9, 1.95]	11 studies · 1759 participants	Low
Tobacco cessation interventions vs placebo or usual care Tobacco abstinence after pharmacotherapy (pharmacotherapy) · people in treatment for or recovery from alcohol or other drug dependency Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.88 [1.37, 2.57]	11 studies · 1808 participants	Low
Tobacco cessation interventions vs placebo or usual care Tobacco abstinence after combined counselling and pharmacotherapy (combined) · people in treatment for or recovery from alcohol or other drug dependency Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.74 [1.39, 2.18]	12 studies · 2229 participants	Low
Intervention NR Proportion of participants abstinent ‐ long‐term (> 6 months) assessed via self report +/‐ biochemical verification · consumers of tobacco living with HIV and AIDS Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people living with HIV and AIDS (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.72, 1.39]	6 studies · 1602 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Proportion of participants abstinent ‐ short‐term (> 4 weeks to < 6 months) assessed via self report +/‐ biochemical verification · consumers of tobacco living with HIV and AIDS Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people living with HIV and AIDS (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.51 [1.15, 2]	11 studies · 1785 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Active smoking, hospital setting · Smokers Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.69, 0.81]	8 studies · 5986 participants	Low
Intervention NR Active smoking, university setting · Smokers Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.64, 0.8]	2 studies · 6369 participants	Low
Intervention NR Active smoking, prison setting · Smokers Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.84, 1.16]	1 study · 130 participants	Low
Intervention NR Smoking‐related mortality ‐ prison setting · Smokers Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 2 participants	Ungraded
Family interventions vs no intervention New smoking at · Children or adolescents at risk for smoking uptake Family‐based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.76 [0.68, 0.84]	9 studies · 48102 participants	Moderate
Family and school intervention vs school intervention New smoking at · Children or adolescents at risk for smoking uptake Family‐based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.75, 0.96]	2 studies · 23012 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Evidence of desensitization · adults with food allergy to fruits Immunotherapy (oral and sublingual) for food allergy to fruits (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 49 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Evidence of immunologic tolerance · adults with food allergy to fruits Immunotherapy (oral and sublingual) for food allergy to fruits (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Adverse events · adults with food allergy to fruits Immunotherapy (oral and sublingual) for food allergy to fruits (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low