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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction
current versionsNo studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking cessation counselling vs no smoking cessation counselling, grouped by intensity of intervention Quit at longest · individuals who smoke cigarettes and are admitted to a hospital for medical or surgical care Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.8, 2.89] | 2 studies · 1417 participants | Very low |
Hospital‐only intervention vs intervention that continues after hospital discharge Pharmacotherapy + behavioural support vs neither · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.09, 1.38] | 7 studies · 5610 participants | High |
Telephone quitline referral vs no treatment or usual care Quitline referral vs control · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.7, 1.96] | 2 studies · 1870 participants | Very low |
Telephone quitline referral vs no treatment or usual care Health system telephone counselling vs quitline · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1, 1.51] | 3 studies · 3260 participants | Very low |
Smoking cessation counselling vs no smoking cessation counselling, grouped by intensity of intervention Quit at longest · individuals who smoke cigarettes and are admitted to a hospital for medical or surgical care Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.02, 1.58] | 12 studies · 4432 participants | Moderate |
Smoking cessation counselling vs no smoking cessation counselling, grouped by intensity of intervention Quit at longest · individuals who smoke cigarettes and are admitted to a hospital for medical or surgical care Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.9, 1.2] | 7 studies · 4627 participants | Very low |
Smoking cessation counselling vs no smoking cessation counselling, grouped by intensity of intervention Quit at longest · individuals who smoke cigarettes and are admitted to a hospital for medical or surgical care Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.24, 1.49] | 28 studies · 8234 participants | High |
Pharmacotherapy plus counselling vs no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling Quit at longest · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1.05, 1.67] | 8 studies · 3838 participants | High |
Pharmacotherapy plus counselling vs no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling Quit at longest · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.86, 1.43] | 4 studies · 872 participants | Low |
Pharmacotherapy plus counselling vs no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling Quit at longest · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.96, 1.75] | 4 studies · 829 participants | Moderate |
Hospital‐only intervention vs intervention that continues after hospital discharge Behavioural support ‐ asynchronous** · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.83, 1.14] | 2 studies · 1598 participants | Very low |
Hospital‐only intervention vs intervention that continues after hospital discharge Behavioural support ‐ synchronous** · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.95, 1.6] | 8 studies · 2299 participants | Low |
Nicotine EC vs NRT Smoking cessation at 6 months to 1 year · People who smoke Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.29, 1.93] | 7 studies · 2544 participants | High |
Nicotine EC vs NRT Adverse events at 4 weeks to 6‐9 months Assessed by self‐report · People who smoke Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.91, 1.17] | 5 studies · 2052 participants | Moderate |
Nicotine EC vs NRT Serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 1 year Assessed via self‐report and medical records · People who smoke Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.9, 1.6] | 6 studies · 2411 participants | Low |
Nicotine EC vs non‐nicotine EC Smoking cessation at 6‐12 months · People who smoke cigarettes Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [1.09, 1.96] | 6 studies · 1613 participants | Moderate |
Nicotine EC vs non‐nicotine EC Adverse events at 1 week to 6 months Assessed via self‐report · People who smoke cigarettes Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.91, 1.11] | 5 studies · 840 participants | Moderate |
Nicotine EC vs non‐nicotine EC Serious adverse events at 1 week to 1 year Assessed via self‐report and medical records · People who smoke cigarettes Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.56, 1.79] | 9 studies · 1412 participants | Low |
Nicotine EC vs behavioural support only/no support Smoking cessation at 6 to 12 months Assessed using biochemical validation · People who smoke Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [1.56, 2.25] | 9 studies · 5024 participants | Low |
Nicotine EC vs behavioural support only/no support Adverse events at 12 weeks to 6 months Assessed via self‐report · People who smoke Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [1.12, 1.32] | 4 studies · 765 participants | Low |
Nicotine EC vs behavioural support only/no support Serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 8 months Assessed via self‐report and medical records · People who smoke Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.59, 1.34] | 10 studies · 3263 participants | Very low |
Bupropion vs placebo/no pharmacological treatment Smoking cessation (at least six months of · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [1.49, 1.72] | 50 studies · 18577 participants | High |
Bupropion vs placebo/no pharmacological treatment Serious adverse events · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.9, 1.48] | 23 studies · 10958 participants | Moderate |
Bupropion vs placebo/no pharmacological treatment Dropouts due to treatment · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.27, 1.65] | 25 studies · 12346 participants | High |
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs NRT alone Smoking cessation (at least six months of · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.95, 1.44] | 15 studies · 4117 participants | Low |
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs NRT alone Serious adverse events · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.26, 8.89] | 4 studies · 657 participants | Low |
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs NRT alone Dropouts due to treatment · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.95, 2.92] | 3 studies · 737 participants | Low |
Bupropion plus varenicline vs varenicline alone Smoking cessation (at least six months of · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.95, 1.55] | 3 studies · 1057 participants | Moderate |
Bupropion plus varenicline vs varenicline alone Serious adverse events · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.63, 2.42] | 5 studies · 1268 participants | Low |
Bupropion plus varenicline vs varenicline alone Dropouts due to treatment · people who smoke Antidepressants for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.45, 1.45] | 4 studies · 1230 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Face‐to‐face behavioral intervention vs minimal or no support (Measured 3 to 6 months with CO‐validated prolonged and continuous abstinence, and self‐reported abstinence) · people who use waterpipe Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.64 [1.66, 4.2] | 851 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Varenicline plus behavioral intervention vs placebo plus behavioral intervention ‐ (repeated point prevalence abstinence (not even a puff/chew/session in the last 7 days) at each of weeks 5, 12, and 25 (combined), verified by CO cutoff < 10 ppm) · people who use waterpipe Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.69, 2.24] | 2 studies · 662 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Bupropion therapy plus behavioral intervention vs behavioral intervention alone (continuous waterpipe smoking abstinence, defined as an expired CO of 9 ppm or less at the 6‐month postintervention · people who use waterpipe Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.42, 1.41] | 121 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Bupropion therapy plus behavioral support versus self‐help (continuous waterpipe smoking abstinence, defined as an expired CO of 9 ppm or less at the 6‐month postintervention · people who use waterpipe Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [0.94, 4] | 86 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR E‐health interventions · people who use waterpipe Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.48 | 2 studies · 389 participants | Very low |
Varenicline vs placebo or no medication Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.32 [2.15, 2.51] | 41 studies · 17395 participants | High |
Cytisine vs varenicline SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.44, 1.03] | 2 studies · 2017 participants | Low |
Cytisine vs varenicline Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cytisine vs varenicline Cardiac SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cytisine vs nicotine replacement therapy Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [1.13, 1.8] | 1 study · 1310 participants | Low |
Cytisine vs nicotine replacement therapy SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.76, 1.75] | 1 study · 1310 participants | Very low |
Cytisine vs nicotine replacement therapy Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cytisine vs nicotine replacement therapy Cardiac SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Varenicline vs bupropion Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.25, 1.49] | 9 studies · 7560 participants | High |
Varenicline vs bupropion SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.61, 1.31] | 5 studies · 5317 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs bupropion Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.16, 7.04] | 2 studies · 866 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs placebo or no medication SAEs (varenicline vs placebo or no medication) · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.01, 1.48] | 26 studies · 14356 participants | Moderate |
Varenicline vs bupropion Cardiac SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.17 [0.33, 30.18] | 2 studies · 866 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.14, 1.37] | 11 studies · 7572 participants | High |
Varenicline vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.5, 0.99] | 6 studies · 6535 participants | Low |