Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

534 questions · 539 findings · 63 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

No studies found 101 · 18.7%GRADE not reported 63 · 11.7%Very low 93 · 17.3%Low 167 · 31%Moderate 89 · 16.5%High 26 · 4.8%

Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly

Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes

It is very uncertain whether oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly changes uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes compared with oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment

Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour.

It is very uncertain whether oral misoprostol changes uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Any reported infant death (fetal, neonatal, or before hospital discharge · pregnant women considered to be at risk of developing pre‐eclampsia

The intervention leads to lower any reported infant death (fetal, neonatal, or before hospital… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo

Fetal/neonatal/infant · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo

Total reported fetal or neonatal deaths (including miscarriage) · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Any antihypertensive drug showed no clear difference in total reported fetal or neonatal deaths (including miscarriage) compared with no antihypertensive drugs/placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Upright position vs recumbent position

Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, requiring intervention · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

It is very uncertain whether upright position changes abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, requiring intervention compared with recumbent position (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation

Uterine tachysystole combined with abnormal fetal heart rate · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria were applied in…

Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation probably leads to lower uterine tachysystole combined with abnormal fetal heart rate compared with continued IV oxytocin stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management

Uterine hyperstimulation (fetal heart rate changes unclear) · patients with induction of labour at term

Vaginal PGE₂ showed no clear difference in uterine hyperstimulation (fetal heart rate changes unclear) compared with placebo or expectant management (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

Foley catheter showed no clear difference in uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review