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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

current versions

No studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Antibiotic vs placebo Duration of admission to neonatal intensive care unit · Women with meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour, gestational age more than 24 weeks Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Any intervention to prevent violence (all interventions) vs standard care Partner abuse: episodes during pregnancy · all pregnant women Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.25, 1.02]	1 study · 220 participants	Very low
Any intervention to prevent violence (all interventions) vs standard care Partner abuse: episodes during the first 3 months postpartum · all pregnant women Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.35, 1.04]	1 study · 271 participants	Very low
Any intervention to prevent violence (all interventions) vs standard care Partner abuse: abuse score in the first 3 months postpartum (Conflict Tactics Score*) The CTS is a 19‐item self‐report scale listing behaviours that the respondent’s partner might use in conflicts. Women report the frequency of partner behaviours ... · all pregnant women Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 46 participants	Very low
Any intervention to prevent violence (all interventions) vs standard care Partner abuse in the first 3 months postpartum (Current Abuse Score**) The Current abuse score consists of 2 scales: 1) Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) and 2) Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP). · all pregnant women Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 191 participants	Very low
Any intervention to prevent violence (all interventions) vs standard care Partner abuse: total episodes at final study assessment (pregnancy and up to 10 weeks postpartum) · all pregnant women Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.62 [0.43, 0.88]	1 study · 306 participants	Moderate
Any intervention to prevent violence (all interventions) vs standard care Number of low‐birthweight (< 2500 g) babies · all pregnant women Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.74 [0.41, 1.32]	1 study · 306 participants	Low
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Maternal composite morbidity · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.54, 0.82]	10 studies · 5041 participants	High
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Maternal endomyometritis · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.36, 0.79]	10 studies · 5041 participants	High
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Maternal wound Infection · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.59 [0.44, 0.81]	10 studies · 5041 participants	High
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Maternal UTI/cystitis/pyelonephritis · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.65, 1.59]	8 studies · 4001 participants	Moderate
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Maternal respiratory infection (pneumonia) · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 2.3 [0.34, 15.45]	2 studies · 1158 participants	Low
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Neonatal sepsis · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.76 [0.51, 1.13]	5 studies · 2907 participants	Moderate
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics administered before cesarean incision vs after neonatal umbilical cord clamping Neonatal ICU admission · women undergoing cesarean delivery. Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.74, 1.13]	6 studies · 3708 participants	High
Ambroxol vs corticosteroid (betamethasone) Incidence of RDS frequency in newborns · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.59, 1.07]	7 studies · 758 participants	Moderate
Ambroxol vs corticosteroid (betamethasone) Perinatal mortality frequency of deaths of newborns · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.51 [0.23, 1.12]	6 studies · 657 participants	Moderate
Ambroxol vs corticosteroid (betamethasone) Adverse effects in pregnant women frequency in pregnant women · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 3.45 [0.34, 35.51]	3 studies · 305 participants	Very low
Ambroxol vs placebo or no treatment Incidence of RDS frequency in newborns · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.74 [0.46, 1.2]	2 studies · 204 participants	Low
Ambroxol vs placebo or no treatment Perinatal mortality frequency of deaths of newborns · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.61 [0.19, 1.98]	1 study · 116 participants	Low
Ambroxol vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects in pregnant women frequency in pregnant women · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.79 [0.45, 7.13]	1 study · 116 participants	Low
Ambroxol vs placebo or no treatment Other events in newborns ‐ Administration of pulmonary surfactant frequency in newborns · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.61, 2.3]	1 study · 88 participants	Low
Ambroxol vs placebo or no treatment Other events in newborns ‐ Need for mechanical ventilation frequency inf newborns · pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.73, 1.21]	1 study · 88 participants	Low
Intervention NR Manual removal of placenta Manual removal after intervention · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.82 [0.54, 1.27]	3 studies · 244 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Severe postpartum haemorrhage Objectively or subjectively measured after intervention/Estimated blood loss in ML. · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.55, 1.15]	2 studies · 194 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Blood transfusion Blood transfusion during puerperium · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.43, 1.22]	3 studies · 244 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Mean blood loss Objectively or subjectively measured after intervention/Mean blood loss in ML. · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 244 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Mean time from injection to placenta removal Mean time from injection to placenta removal. · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 99 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Maternal pain between injection and discharge from labour ward Maternal pain between injection and discharge from labour ward · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.43, 1.96]	2 studies · 124 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Nausea between injection and discharge from labour ward Nausea between injection and discharge from labour ward · women with retained placenta Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.72 [0.15, 19.41]	2 studies · 124 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Maternal death · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 38 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Postpartum endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.48 [0.68, 3.24]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Duration of maternal and neonatal hospital stay · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Need for additional antibiotic therapy · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Postpartum readmission for endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Failure of treatment · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Maternal and neonatal mortality · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Maternal and neonatal severe infection · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Duration of maternal and neonatal hospital stay · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Endomyometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 288 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Need for additional antibiotic therapy · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Neonatal deaths · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.39 [0.24, 8.06]	1 study · 133 participants	Very low
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Postpartum readmission for endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotics vs placebo during postpartum period Treatment failure · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.97 [0.14, 6.77]	2 studies · 288 participants	Very low
Antibiotic vs antibiotics during postpartum period Maternal and neonatal mortality · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotic vs antibiotics during postpartum period Maternal and neonatal severe infection · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotic vs antibiotics during postpartum period Length of treatment (days) · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 131 participants	Very low
Antibiotic vs antibiotics during postpartum period Endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotic vs antibiotics during postpartum period Postpartum readmission for endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Antibiotic vs antibiotics during postpartum period Treatment failure · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.27, 3.89]	1 study · 131 participants	Very low
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Maternal and neonatal mortality · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded