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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

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5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Conventional oral examination (COE)/visual inspection vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)
Sensitivity for detection of oral cavity cancer/OPMD · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance…
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in… (2021) · Cochrane
Summary of findings 1 (no pooled analysis): for the 7 studies with low prevalence (<=10%) sensitivity ranged from 0.50 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.93) to 0.99 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.00); for the 3 higher-prevalence studies…10 studies · 25568 participantsLow
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent 2095) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 10.28 [4.35, 24.28]6 studiesUngraded
Fluoride-releasing resin-based bonding agent vs Non-fluoride resin-based bonding agent
Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · Patients of any age (11-40 years) receiving comprehensive/fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances · 1-24 months follow-up, Resin-based bonding agents
Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel… (2021)
RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.19]5 studies · 3517 participantsUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), High prevalence of dentine caries (>= 35%)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.91 [0.86, 0.95]NRUngraded
Sealing using sealant materials vs Non-selective carious tissue removal and conventional restoration (CR)
Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 48 months, Cavitated lesions, permanent dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
OR 5.0 [0.51, 49.27]1 study · 41 participantsVery low
Fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the caries detection level (D0 versus D1-D4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.50 [0.34, 0.66]1 studyUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Dental caries · Children · Caries assessment: visual examination
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45]2 studiesUngraded
Down syndrome vs Healthy controls
Mean DMFT · Children with Down syndrome in Dubai · Children with Down syndrome
Oral Health of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Systematic Review of the Past Decade. (2021)
MEAN 2.731 studyUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.09 [0.04, 0.24]1 studyUngraded
Conventional bitewing radiography, D-speed film vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.911 studyUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (dentin detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Dentin detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
Specificity 0.86 [0.11, 0.99]2 studiesUngraded
Digital bitewing radiography, phosphor plate (PSP) vs Histological validation of dental tissues (gold standard)
Diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection (caries detection level) · Extracted permanent posterior teeth with proximal surfaces (in vitro) · Caries detection level
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. (2021)
DOR 5.56 [3.04, 10.16]11 studiesUngraded
Sealing using sealant materials vs No treatment
Failure of therapy · Children and/or adults with permanent or primary teeth, vital (sensitive) pulps, and cavitated or dentine carious… · 12 months, Non-cavitated lesions, permanent dentition
Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions (2021) · Cochrane
OR 0.05 [0.0, 2.71]2 studies · 103 participantsVery low
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis)
Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents) · Province: Baluchistan and KPK (combined)
Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
Prevalence 51.168 [22.930, 79.004]4 studiesUngraded
Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy
Childhood dental caries · Children in cross-sectional studies · Sensitivity: excluded Borowska-Struginska et al. 2016
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… (2021)
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.68]5 studiesUngraded
Visual or visual-tactile classification systems (any system: ICDAS, ERK, Nyvad, Downer, Lussi, UniViSS, or unspecified) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)
Sensitivity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Low prevalence of dentine caries (0% to 14%)
Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries (2021) · Cochrane
Sensitivity 0.76 [0.50, 0.91]NRUngraded
Visual examination (VE) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the 1/3 dentin caries detection level (Ekstrand; D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
AUC 0.892 studiesUngraded
Dental caries (ascertained mostly by WHO criteria/DMFT; also CAST, ICDAS, or clinical examination) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis)
Dental caries prevalence · General Pakistani population (all ages and both sexes; predominantly children and adolescents)
Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021)
Prevalence 56.625 [49.546, 63.571]30 studies · 27878 participantsUngraded
Fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) vs Histological validation (serial sectioning, grinding, hemisection, or microradiography)
Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection at the dentin caries detection level (D0-2 versus D3-4) · Extracted human permanent posterior teeth (premolars and molars), occlusal (pit-and-fissure) surfaces
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. (2021)
Sensitivity 0.49 [0.20, 0.79]2 studiesUngraded
Tooth-coloured direct restorative materials (composite, compomer, giomer, RMGIC, HVGIC, open-sandwich) vs No comparator group (single-arm pooled success rate; materials/techniques contrasted via moderator analyses)
Retention success rate · Children with primary molars requiring proximal (Class II) restorations · 24 months, Rubber dam isolation: Yes
Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020)
Proportion 0.931 [0.834, 0.973]10 studiesUngraded
AMELX rs946252 CT + TT genotype vs CC genotype
Dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Caucasian (n=2) individuals with caries/high caries and controls · Ethnicity: Caucasian (n=2)
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.63 [0.67, 4.01]2 studiesUngraded
Gastroesophageal or laryngopharyngeal reflux (GERD/LPR) vs Healthy individuals without reflux (controls)
Dental erosion (prevalence and severity) · Adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Laryngopharyngeal reflux, gastroesophageal reflux and dental disorders: A systematic review. (2020)
Controlled studies showed GERD patients have a significantly higher rate or severity of dental erosion than healthy individuals; prevalence of dental erosion in reflux patients ranged from 16% to 44% versus <20% in…18 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Incidence of microleakage: Er,Cr:YSGG vs traditional bur (whole marginal line) · Rossi 2008 (excluded from meta-analysis; no significant difference)
Does Er,Cr:YSGG reduce the microleakage of restorations when used for cavity preparation? A systematic… (2020)
Qualitative NR [NR, NR]1 studyUngraded
AG genotype of ENAM rs1264848 vs AA genotype of ENAM rs1264848
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Overall
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.21 [0.88, 1.65]5 studies · 1534 participantsUngraded
TT genotype of AMELX rs6639060 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs6639060
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Adults
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.04 [0.43, 2.51]1 studyUngraded
CT genotype of AMELX rs946252 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs946252
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Caucasian
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 2.80 [0.93, 8.43]2 studiesUngraded
GG genotype of LTF rs1126478 vs AA + AG genotype of LTF rs1126478
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.95 [0.80, 1.13]4 studiesUngraded
LTF rs1126478 G allele vs A allele
Dental caries susceptibility · Age group: Children (n=4) individuals with caries/high caries and controls · Age group: Children (n=4)
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.98 [0.87, 1.10]4 studiesUngraded
CT genotype of AMELX rs17878486 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs17878486
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Mixed
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 5.11 [1.33, 19.72]1 studyUngraded
GG genotype of ENAM rs3796704 vs AA + AG genotype of ENAM rs3796704
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Control group: Low caries
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.05 [0.66, 1.68]2 studiesUngraded
Resin-based fissure sealant vs Fluoride varnish
Safety of sealants and fluoride varnishes (adverse events) · Children and adolescents from the general population, younger than 20 years of age at the start of the study
Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of… (2020) · Cochrane
Five studies (Bravo 2005; Chestnutt 2017; Kalnina 2016; Liu 2012; Tagliaferro 2011) considered adverse events; participants detected and reported no adverse events.5 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Use of coat: No
Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020)
Proportion 0.935 [0.862, 0.971]9 studiesUngraded
AMELX rs946252 T allele vs C allele
Dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Caucasian (n=2) individuals with caries/high caries and controls · Ethnicity: Caucasian (n=2)
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.95 [0.35, 2.55]2 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Assessor blinding (triple-blind): Yes
Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020)
Proportion 0.859 [0.794, 0.906]18 studiesUngraded
Electrical conductance (e.g. electronic caries monitor, ECM) vs Reference standard: histology or enhanced visual-tactile examination
Outcome NR · Adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having root caries (in vivo); extracted teeth of adults (in vitro)
Tests to detect and inform the diagnosis of root caries (2020) · Cochrane
Electrical conductance was a pre-specified eligible index test but no diagnostic test accuracy study of electrical conductance was included. A study evaluating the electronic caries monitor (ECM) (Wicht 2002) was…0 studiesNo studies
Intraglandular botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection vs No BoNT (placebo or pre-treatment baseline)
Salivary Lactobacilli counts · Patients with drooling (sialorrhea) due to neurological disease · Before vs after BoNT injection (2018 study: significant Lactobacilli increase at 1 month; Wu 2011 and 2017 study no change)
Oral health effects of botulinum toxin treatment for drooling: a systematic review. (2020)
No statistically significant changes in Lactobacilli CFU counts were reported by Wu et al. or by Tiigimae-Saar 2017. However, the 2018 study found that Lactobacilli CFU counts were significantly increased one month…3 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Use of cavity conditioner: Yes
Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020)
Proportion 0.892 [0.796, 0.946]13 studiesUngraded
CT + TT genotype (T-allele carriers) of AMELX rs946252 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs946252
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Caucasian
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.63 [0.67, 4.01]2 studiesUngraded
T allele of AMELX rs946252 vs C allele of AMELX rs946252
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Mixed
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.99 [0.53, 1.86]1 studyUngraded
GG genotype of LTF rs1126478 vs AA + AG genotype of LTF rs1126478
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Control group: Caries-free
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.95 [0.80, 1.13]4 studiesUngraded
G allele of ENAM rs3796704 vs A allele of ENAM rs3796704
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Mixed
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.11 [0.57, 2.15]1 studyUngraded
Resin-based fissure sealant vs Fluoride varnish
Time taken to apply pit and fissure sealant or fluoride varnish · Children and adolescents from the general population, younger than 20 years of age at the start of the study
Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of… (2020) · Cochrane
None of the studies measured time taken to apply pit and fissure sealant or fluoride varnish (resin sealant versus fluoride varnish comparison).0 studiesNo studies
G allele of ENAM rs1264848 vs A allele of ENAM rs1264848
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Overall
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.93 [0.65, 1.32]5 studies · 1534 participantsUngraded
AG genotype of ENAM rs3796704 vs AA genotype of ENAM rs3796704
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 0.35 [0.07, 1.74]2 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Material type: High-viscosity glass ionomer cement (HVGIC)
Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020)
Proportion 0.831 [0.692, 0.915]8 studiesUngraded
CT + TT genotype (T-allele carriers) of AMELX rs17878486 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs17878486
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Sensitivity: study Ergoz 2014 excluded
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 5.72 [2.83, 11.59]3 studiesUngraded
AG genotype of LTF rs1126478 vs AA genotype of LTF rs1126478
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Asian
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.07 [0.80, 1.43]2 studiesUngraded
CT + TT genotype (T-allele carriers) of AMELX rs6639060 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs6639060
Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Caucasian
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.14 [0.56, 2.29]1 studyUngraded
Intervention NR
Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Dentist experience: Non-experienced
Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020)
Proportion 0.921 [0.711, 0.982]2 studiesUngraded
AMELX rs6639060 TT genotype vs CC genotype
Dental caries susceptibility · Ethnicity: Caucasian (n=1) individuals with caries/high caries and controls · Ethnicity: Caucasian (n=1)
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020)
OR 1.04 [0.43, 2.51]1 studyUngraded