What do systematic reviews say?

Benzethonium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Benzethonium chloride mouthwash showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  9 days
  MD 7.2 [-24.92, 39.32]
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

Halita mouthwash (chlorhexidine 0.05% + cetylpyridinium chloride… led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  MD -188.0 [-308.29, -67.71]
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Active rinse (zinc acetate + chlorhexidine + sodium fluoride), with or without tongue scraping vs Negative control rinse, with or without tongue scraping

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Ademovski 2012 (4-arm cross-over trial) compared an active rinse (with/without tongue scraping) versus a negative control rinse (with/without tongue scraping); OLT and VSC. The authors did not report the correlation…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  MD -20.53 [-38.52, -2.54]
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

Cinnamon herbal mouthwash; Nanosil (hydrogen peroxide) mouthwash; Irsha mouthwash vs Water (negative control) and zinc solution (positive control)

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Talebian 2009 (cross-over study) tested cinnamon herbal, Nanosil and Irsha mouthwashes versus water (negative control) and zinc solution (positive control); VSC by halimeter. We could not include the results in the…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

NSAIDs vs tranexamic acid (control)

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 48 participants
  Low

Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2

Antibiotic 1 may leads to higher adverse events: nitrofurantoin (1) versus trimethoprim (2) compared with antibiotic 2 (low certainty).

• Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.18 [1.39, 3.41]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Oral azithromycin vs topical tetracycline

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 5773 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs control

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in ocular C trachomatis infection Positive test for C trachomatis… compared with control (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.04]
  4 studies · 297 participants
  Low

Oral vs topical antibiotics

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 298 participants
  Very low

Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus

Vaginal misoprostol showed no clear difference in woman’s satisfaction/acceptability of method compared with surgical evacuation of uterus (low certainty).

• Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.4, 1.11]
  1 study · 45 participants
  Low

Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo

Vaginal misoprostol showed no clear difference in woman’s satisfaction/acceptability of method compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.83, 1.64]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low

Aerobic exercise vs no training

• Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Aerobic exercise and strength training vs no training

• Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Strength training vs no training

• Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Preoperative antibiotics vs placebo or no antibiotic

• Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 510 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in parasitological failure Method: stool microscopy demonstrating E… (low certainty).

• Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.58, 1.74]
  2 studies · 285 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower parasitological failure 1 to 14 days after end of treatment Method:… (low certainty).

• Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.15, 0.86]
  3 studies · 720 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

It is very uncertain whether surgical intervention changes patient dissatisfaction with the cosmetic result at 1 yearh compared with conservative intervention (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.34 [0.07, 1.62]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Lifestyle interventions vs minimal treatment

• Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 353 participants
  Low