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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS
current versionsNo studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Exercise vs control (post‐intervention) Quality of life · people with multiple sclerosis (including people with relapsing‐remitting, secondary progressive or primary… Interventions for preventing falls in people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs no antibiotic prophylaxis / standard care Number of participants experiencing shunt infection after administration of antibiotic prophylaxis · CSF‐shunt infections Route of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid‐shunt infection (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.36, 0.84] | 11 studies · 1109 participants | Low |
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs no antibiotic prophylaxis / standard care Number of participants experiencing shunt infection after administration of intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis · CSF‐shunt infections Route of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid‐shunt infection (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.33, 0.9] | 8 studies · 797 participants | Low |
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs no antibiotic prophylaxis / standard care Number of participants experiencing shunt infection after administration of intrathecal antibiotic prophylaxis · CSF‐shunt infections Route of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid‐shunt infection (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.28, 1.93] | 2 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs no antibiotic prophylaxis / standard care Number of participants experiencing shunt infection after implantation of antibiotic impregnated catheters · CSF‐shunt infections Route of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid‐shunt infection (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.1, 1.24] | 1 study · 110 participants | Very low |
Palliative care vs usual care Health‐related quality of life Assessed by: SeiQoL‐DW (higher scores mean better quality of life) · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Palliative care vs usual care Serious adverse events Assessed by: number of participants presenting at least one serious adverse event · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.44, 2.12] | 1 study · 76 participants | Low |
Palliative care vs usual care Hospital admission Assessed by: number of participants admitted in hospital · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.24, 2.52] | 1 study · 76 participants | Low |
Palliative care vs usual care Fatigue ‐ Not reported at long term · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Palliative care vs usual care Disability ‐ Not reported at long term · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Palliative care vs usual care Anxiety ‐ Not reported at long term · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Palliative care vs usual care Depression ‐ Not reported at long term · Adults people with multiple sclerosis (including RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, PRMS)1 Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Annualised relapse rate (ARR) (number of relapses per patient per year) · [People] with [Multiple Sclerosis] Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 417 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score · [People] with [Multiple Sclerosis] Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 221 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR MRI gadolinium‐enhancing T1 lesions · [People] with [Multiple Sclerosis] Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events · [People] with [Multiple Sclerosis] Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 621 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Minor adverse events · [People] with [Multiple Sclerosis] Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 701 participants | Low |
Information provision vs (optimised) standard care Outcomes (see also Table 3) · people with multiple sclerosis Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Information provision vs (optimised) standard care Knowledge · people with multiple sclerosis Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 505 participants | Moderate |
Information provision vs (optimised) standard care Decision making · people with multiple sclerosis Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 793 participants | Low |
Information provision vs (optimised) standard care Quality of life · people with multiple sclerosis Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 671 participants | Low |
Information provision vs (optimised) standard care Adverse events · people with multiple sclerosis Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 751 participants | Moderate |
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) vs Sham Reduction in pain intensity · chronic back pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) vs Sham Reduction in depression and anxiety · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 35 participants | Very low |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) vs Sham Improvement in QoL · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Reduction in pain · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Reduction in anxiety and depression · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Reduction in fatigue · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Telephone‐Delivered Education Group vs Sham Reduction in pain interference, depression,fatigu e · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Telephone‐Delivered Education Group vs Sham Improvement in pain, self efficacy,patient activation, health‐related quality of life, social role satisfaction,resilience,positive and negative affect · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs relaxation control Reduction in pain intensity · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs relaxation control Reduction in pain interference · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs relaxation control BPI: Brief Pain Inventory · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) vs Sham Reduction in disability · chronic back pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Neurofeedback vs relaxation control Reduction in pain Intensity · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Neurofeedback vs relaxation control Reduction in fatigue · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Neurofeedback vs relaxation control Reduction in pain interference · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Reflexology vs Sham Reduction in pain · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Reflexology vs Sham Reduction in disability · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Reflexology vs Sham Improvement in Quality of Life · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Reflexology vs Sham Reduction in Fatigue · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Reflexology vs Sham Reduction in depression · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Reflexology vs Sham Reduction in Spasms · chronic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) vs Sham Quality of Life · chronic back pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Ai Chi Exercises vs Sham Reduction in pain intensity · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Ai Chi Exercises vs Sham Reduction in disability · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Ai Chi Exercises vs Sham Quality of Life · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Ai Chi Exercises vs Sham Reduction in Fatigue · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) vs Sham Reduction in Pain Intensity · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 35 participants | Very low |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) vs Sham Reduction in fatigue · chronic neuropathic pain in MS Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |