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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure Treatment failure within 72 hours of trial entry · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [1.41, 2.06] | 9 studies · 2042 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure Mechanical ventilation within 72 hours of trial entry · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.82, 1.31] | 9 studies · 2042 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure Pneumothorax (during assigned treatment) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.4, 1.08] | 10 studies · 2094 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure Nasal trauma (during assigned treatment) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.36, 0.68] | 7 studies · 1595 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Death (before hospital discharge) or BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.3, 1.37] | 2 studies · 182 participants | Very low |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Death (before hospital discharge) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.36, 1.69] | 3 studies · 254 participants | Low |
Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy Rate of decline of serum bilirubin (micromol/L/hr) · neonatal jaundice Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1225 participants | Low |
Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy Bilirubin‐induced brain dysfunction (defined as either the pathological finding of deep‐yellow staining of neurons and neuronal necrosis of the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei or acute or chronic neurological deficit including athetoid cerebral... · neonatal jaundice Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy Treatment failure (need to restart phototherapy or exchange transfusion or both) · neonatal jaundice Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy Mortality (all cause) · neonatal jaundice Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1470 participants | Low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask Death before discharge · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.47, 1.13] | 3 studies · 1124 participants | Low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask Intubation and mechanical ventilation in the DR · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.54, 0.85] | 5 studies · 1406 participants | Very low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask Intubation and mechanical ventilationwithin 24 hours of birth · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.85, 1.09] | 3 studies · 749 participants | Very low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask Intubation and mechanical ventilation outside the DR during hospitalisation · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.93, 1.42] | 1 study · 144 participants | Very low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask Air leaks · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.57, 2.07] | 2 studies · 507 participants | Low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask The need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' corrected gestational age · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.8, 1.4] | 2 studies · 507 participants | Low |
Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask Cranial ultrasound abnormalities (IVH grade ≥ 3 or cystic periventricular leukomalacia) · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.55, 1.61] | 3 studies · 749 participants | Very low |
Oral stimulation vs standard care Time (days) to achieve exclusive oral feeding · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 292 participants | Very low |
Oral stimulation vs standard care Time (days) spent in NICU ‐ not reported · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral stimulation vs standard care Total hospital stay (days) · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 249 participants | Very low |
Oral stimulation vs standard care Duration (days) of parenteral nutrition ‐ not reported · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention Time (days) to achieve exclusive oral feeding · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 574 participants | Very low |
Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention Time (days) spent in NICU ‐ not reported · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention Total hospital stay (days) · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 591 participants | Low |
Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention Duration (days) of parenteral nutrition · preterm infants Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 268 participants | Very low |
Videolaryngoscopy vs conventional direct laryngoscopy Time required for successful intubation · neonates (0 to 28 days of age) who needed tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Videolaryngoscopy vs conventional direct laryngoscopy Number of intubation attempts · neonates (0 to 28 days of age) who needed tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Videolaryngoscopy vs conventional direct laryngoscopy Success rate at first attempt · neonates (0 to 28 days of age) who needed tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.13, 1.37] | NR | Low |
Videolaryngoscopy vs conventional direct laryngoscopy Non‐airway‐related adverse effects: desaturation or bradycardia episodes, or both · neonates (0 to 28 days of age) who needed tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.38, 2.3] | NR | Very low |
Videolaryngoscopy vs conventional direct laryngoscopy Non‐airway‐related adverse effects: lowest saturations during intubation · neonates (0 to 28 days of age) who needed tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Videolaryngoscopy vs conventional direct laryngoscopy Airway‐related adverse effects: airway trauma · neonates (0 to 28 days of age) who needed tracheal intubation Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.05, 0.79] | NR | Moderate |
Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.86, 1.24] | 7 studies · 268 participants | Low |
Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen Death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 7.24 [0.95, 55.26] | 1 study · 59 participants | Moderate |
Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.99, 2.07] | 3 studies · 168 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen Death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.74 [0.94, 3.24] | 4 studies · 193 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [0.98, 3.53] | 3 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.87, 1.29] | 3 studies · 391 participants | Low |
Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy Death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.68, 1.84] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.63, 1.21] | 2 studies · 167 participants | Low |
Pulse vs continuous dexamethasone therapy Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88] | 2 studies · 197 participants | Low |
Pulse vs continuous dexamethasone therapy Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.79, 1.92] | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |
Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.88, 1.29] | 3 studies · 168 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Death · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 439 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Chronic lung disease (need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life) ‐ not measured · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Duration of any form of respiratory support (any form of non‐invasive respiratory support with or without supplemental oxygen) · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Length of stay at intensive care unit (ICU) · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Hospital length of stay · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Adverse events · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Treatment failure · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.47, 2.04] | 3 studies · 452 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Chronic lung disease · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 375 participants | Ungraded |