Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control Onset microalbuminuria 5.4 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.77, 0.94] | 4 studies · 19933 participants | Moderate |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control Progression of microalbuminuria 5.8 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.38, 0.93] | 5 studies · 13266 participants | Moderate |
Intravesical bacterial interference vs placebo Symptomatic UTI · people with neuropathic bladder Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infection in people with neuropathic bladder (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.08, 1.19] | 3 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Serum creatinine: day 1 · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Serum creatinine: day 2 · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Serum creatinine: day 3 · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events related to RIPC · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.47 [0.55, 21.76] | NR | High |
Intervention NR Need for dialysis · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.37, 1.94] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Acute kidney injury defined by AKIN · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.57, 1] | NR | High |
Intervention NR Mortality · patients undergoing a surgical intervention that induces kidney injury Ischaemic preconditioning for the reduction of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.54, 1.37] | NR | High |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin All strokes and systemic embolic events · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.65, 1] | 5 studies · 12545 participants | Moderate |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin Major bleeding · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.59, 1.04] | 5 studies · 12521 participants | Low |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin Myocardial infarction · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.45, 1.9] | 1 study · 2740 participants | Ungraded |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin Minor bleeding · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.58, 1.61] | 2 studies · 3012 participants | Low |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin Gastrointestinal bleeding · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.97, 2.01] | 2 studies · 5678 participants | Moderate |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin Intracranial haemorrhage · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.27, 0.69] | 5 studies · 12521 participants | Moderate |
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs warfarin All‐cause mortality · atrial fibrillation patients with CKD Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolic events among atrial… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.05] | 4 studies · 9595 participants | Moderate |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis All‐cause mortality · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.81, 1.55] | 4 studies · 383 participants | Moderate |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis Recovery of kidney function · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.74, 2.75] | 3 studies · 333 participants | Moderate |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis Weekly delivered Kt/V · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 263 participants | Very low |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis Correction of acidosis · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.1, 13.6] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis Fluid removal (L/d) · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 313 participants | Low |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis Duration of dialysis (hours) · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 170 participants | Very low |
Peritoneal dialysis vs haemodialysis Infectious complications · patients with acute kidney injury Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.6, 1.78] | 2 studies · 263 participants | Low |
Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly Change in Hb level · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 798 participants | Low |
Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks Adverse events: RBC transfusions · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.53, 2.98] | 2 studies · 470 participants | Low |
Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks Adverse events: hypertension · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.62, 1.69] | 3 studies · 724 participants | Moderate |
Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks Adverse events: arteriovenous complications · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.39, 2.68] | 3 studies · 724 participants | Low |
Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta Final Hb · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 288 participants | Moderate |
Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta Mean weekly epoetin dose · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 288 participants | Low |
Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta Deaths · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.46 [0.29, 20.77] | 1 study · 288 participants | Low |
Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta Adverse events: hypertension · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.11, 1.08] | 1 study · 288 participants | Moderate |
Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta Adverse events: RBC transfusions · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.06, 36.1] | 1 study · 288 participants | Low |
Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta Adverse events: discontinuation of therapy · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [0.68, 4.63] | 1 study · 288 participants | Low |
Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly Number reaching target Hb · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.93, 0.99] | 4 studies · 798 participants | Low |
Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly Number of deaths · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.38, 2.07] | 4 studies · 838 participants | Low |
Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly Adverse events: RBC transfusions · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.71, 3.45] | 3 studies · 580 participants | Low |
Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly Adverse events: hypertension · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.55, 1.32] | 4 studies · 838 participants | Moderate |
Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly Adverse events: thrombovascular events · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.67, 3] | 4 studies · 838 participants | Low |
Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks Change in Hb level · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 671 participants | Very low |
Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks Number reaching target Hb · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.84, 1.07] | 3 studies · 687 participants | Very low |
Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks Number of deaths · anaemia in predialysis patients Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.33, 2.75] | 3 studies · 724 participants | Low |
Dietary modifications (counselling or dietary change) vs control Death · people with CKD Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 539 participants | Very low |
Dietary modifications (counselling or dietary change) vs control Major cardiovascular event · people with CKD Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary modifications (counselling or dietary change) vs control Progression to ESKD Measured as requiring dialysis treatment in people with CKD · people with CKD Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.26, 1.07] | 2 studies · 242 participants | Very low |
Dietary modifications (counselling or dietary change) vs control Health‐related quality of life Measured using the Short Form‐36 scale from 0 to 100 · people with CKD Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 119 participants | Low |
Antidepressant therapy vs placebo Dizziness or hypotension · dialysis patients with depression Antidepressants for treating depression in adults with end‐stage kidney disease treated with dialysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 114 participants | Very low |
Antidepressant therapy vs placebo Nausea · dialysis patients with depression Antidepressants for treating depression in adults with end‐stage kidney disease treated with dialysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 114 participants | Moderate |
Antidepressant therapy vs placebo Sexual dysfunction · dialysis patients with depression Antidepressants for treating depression in adults with end‐stage kidney disease treated with dialysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Antidepressant therapy vs placebo All‐cause mortality · dialysis patients with depression Antidepressants for treating depression in adults with end‐stage kidney disease treated with dialysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |