What do systematic reviews say?

Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement

Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with conventional clinic measurement (low certainty).

• Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.82, 1.45]
  1 study · 154 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes induction of labour compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well‐being 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.74, 2.37]
  1 study · 127 participants
  Very low

Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo

Any antihypertensive drug showed no clear difference in elective delivery (induction of labour + elective caesarean section) compared with no antihypertensive drugs/placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.04]
  4 studies · 710 participants
  Moderate

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound

Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound probably leads to lower induction of labour compared with no Doppler ultrasound (moderate certainty).

• Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.8, 0.99]
  10 studies · 5633 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs insulin

It is very uncertain whether maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) changes induction of labour compared with insulin (very low certainty).

• Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [0.62, 3.28]
  2 studies · 35 participants
  Very low

Preconception care vs usual care

• Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes)

Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

• Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.68, 1.53]
  1 study · 114 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes)

Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

• Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.33, 2.34]
  1 study · 63 participants
  Low

Self‐monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs self‐monitoring of glucose

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Telemedicine vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether telemedicine changes induction of labour compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.63, 1.77]
  1 study · 47 participants
  Very low

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler vs fetal growth

Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with fetal growth (moderate certainty).

• Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.8, 1.5]
  1 study · 526 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes

Metformin showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes (low certainty).

• Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.61, 1.07]
  1 study · 159 participants
  Low

Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo (outcomes

It is very uncertain whether oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies changes induction of labour compared with placebo ‐ maternal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [0.79, 1.76]
  1 study · 375 participants
  Very low

Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes

Lifestyle interventions showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with control ‐ Maternal outcomes (high certainty).

• Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.99, 1.46]
  4 studies · 2699 participants
  High

Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent

Insulin probably leads to higher induction of labour compared with anti‐diabetic agent (moderate certainty).

• Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3
  3 studies · 348 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

Exercise showed no clear difference in induction of labour compared with control (low certainty).

• Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.38 [0.71, 2.68]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes

• Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found