Relative abundance of S. mutans in saliva · Individuals assessed for dental caries, predominantly children with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe ECC (age about 1 to 4 years)
A few small studies report Streptococcus mutans relative abundance in caries versus caries-free children without pooling; the evidence is ungraded and not meta-analyzed.
1 finding from 1 review
Relative abundance of Veillonella spp. · Individuals assessed for dental caries, predominantly children with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe ECC (age about 1 to 4 years)
Evidence on whether Veillonella spp. relative abundance is higher or lower in children with dental caries than caries-free controls is inconsistent across 7 small observational studies; no pooled estimate was produced and the evidence is ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Food intake · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing was associated with a significant increase in children's food intake (pooled SMD, 0.25; combined RCT and nonrandomized evidence).
3 findings from 1 review
Food preference · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing was associated with increased food preference (pooled SMD, 0.30; combined evidence).
3 findings from 1 review
Dental caries · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Evidence on food marketing and dental caries is very uncertain (very low certainty); 1 of 2 studies found an association.
1 finding from 1 review
Purchase requests · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Nonrandomized evidence on purchase requests is very uncertain (very low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
A single observational study contributed to the combination-of-P-values analysis for purchase requests.
1 study
Very low
Combination of P values statistically significant in both model iterations, indicating evidence of an association of food marketing with purchase requests.
5 studies
Moderate
Food choice · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing probably increases children's choice of the marketed food (OR, 1.97; moderate certainty, RCTs).
3 findings from 1 review
Food purchasing · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Food marketing showed no clear association with food purchasing by or for children (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
No clear evidence of association with purchasing. Vote counting: any association of public health harm in 2 of 5 studies (40%; 95% CI, 7.3%-83.0%); all 3 observational NRSs found an association (2 harm, 1 benefit),…
5 studies
Very low
Body weight / BMI · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Evidence on food marketing and body weight is very uncertain (very low certainty); a single study found no association.
1 finding from 1 review
Diet-related noncommunicable diseases · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
No eligible studies were found.
1 finding from 1 review
Gingival index (GI) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)
Persons with orofacial cleft have a higher gingival index than healthy controls (MD 0.15, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.19; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical attachment level (CAL) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)
Clinical attachment level loss is greater in persons with orofacial cleft than in healthy controls (p<0.00001), but no pooled effect size was reported (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Bleeding Index (BI) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)
Bleeding index is significantly higher in persons with orofacial cleft than in healthy controls (p<0.0001), but no pooled effect size was reported (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral microbiota composition · Individuals assessed for oral microbiota (mainly children and adolescents)
Oral microbiota composition differs between persons with orofacial cleft and healthy controls, synthesized qualitatively across 8 studies but not meta-analyzed (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Probing pocket depth · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)
Persons with orofacial cleft have a greater probing pocket depth than healthy controls (MD 0.88, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.95; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)
Persons with orofacial cleft have a higher plaque index than healthy controls (MD 0.29, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.34; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Patients with anorexia nervosa aged >=12 years (mean age ~18.4; entirely female in reported data), general community-dwelling population
Anorexia nervosa is associated with significantly increased bleeding on probing versus healthy controls (MD 16.57%, 95% CI 12.89 to 20.25; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary flow rate (stimulated) · Patients with anorexia nervosa aged >=12 years (mean age ~18.4; entirely female in reported data), general community-dwelling population
Stimulated salivary flow rate was significantly lower in anorexia nervosa patients than controls, but only unstimulated flow was meta-analyzed; this outcome is ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary pH · Patients with anorexia nervosa aged >=12 years (mean age ~18.4; entirely female in reported data), general community-dwelling population
Anorexia nervosa is associated with significantly lower salivary pH than healthy controls (MD -0.39, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.24; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary alpha-amylase · Patients with anorexia nervosa aged >=12 years (mean age ~18.4; entirely female in reported data), general community-dwelling population
There is no significant difference in salivary alpha-amylase between anorexia nervosa patients and healthy controls (MD 6.32 U/l, 95% CI -6.14 to 18.79; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review