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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain with aspirationa,b · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 131 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 229 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 150 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain with aspiration – normal salined,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain with aspiration – local anaesthetica,b,d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 201 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Frequency of cocaine use (mean number of days or weeks of cocaine use at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 818 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Continuous abstinence from cocaine (number of participants who had achieved and maintained abstinence for at least three weeks at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Point abstinence (number of participants who were abstinent at the end of the treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Dropout for any reason (number of participants who did not complete treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.56, 1.32] | 3 studies · 131 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Dropout due to adverse events (number of participants who did not complete treatment due to adverse events) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.07, 3.55] | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Any adverse events (number of participants who experienced at least one adverse event) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Amount of cocaine use (mean weight of cocaine used or money spent on cocaine at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 376 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Continuous abstinence from cocaine (number of participants who had achieved and maintained abstinence for at least three weeks at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.8, 1.91] | 5 studies · 386 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Point abstinence (number of participants who were abstinent at the end of the treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.05, 2.36] | 2 studies · 142 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Dropout for any reason (number of participants who did not complete treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.92, 1.55] | 10 studies · 841 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Dropout due to adverse events (number of participants who did not complete treatment due to adverse events) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 12.97 [0.77, 218.37] | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs placebo or no pharmacological treatment Any adverse events (number of participants who experienced at least one adverse event) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.35, 25.68] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Frequency of cocaine use (mean number of days or weeks of cocaine use at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Amount of cocaine use (mean weight of cocaine used or money spent on cocaine at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Mortality (6 months' · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.68, 1.13] | 5 studies · 1502 participants | Moderate |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Admission to hospital (3 to 12 months' · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 | 8 studies · 1757 participants | Moderate |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Living in residential care at · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.41, 0.69] | 4 studies · 1271 participants | Moderate |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Patient self‐reported health status · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2006 participants | Moderate |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Patient satisfaction · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1812 participants | Low |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Length of stay in hospital and hospital at home · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2036 participants | Low |
Admission avoidance hospital at home vs inpatient admission Cost and resource use · older people requiring hospital admission Admission avoidance hospital at home (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 2148 participants | Moderate |
Psycho‐educational interventions vs care RTW · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.96, 1.24] | 4 studies · 512 participants | Moderate |
Psycho‐educational interventions vs care QoL · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Low |
Vocational interventions vs care RTW · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.13] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Vocational interventions vs care QoL · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical interventions vs care RTW · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.08, 1.39] | 4 studies · 434 participants | Moderate |
Physical interventions vs care QoL · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |