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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Doubling of SCr · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.28, 0.64] | 19 studies · 2282 participants | Very low |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone All‐cause death · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Doubling of SCr · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3.01 [1.86, 4.88] | 17 studies · 1959 participants | Very low |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Angiotensin receptor blockers vs placebo or no treatment All‐cause death Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.85, 1.16] | 11 studies · 4260 participants | Low |
Angiotensin receptor blockers vs placebo or no treatment Cardiovascular death Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3.36 [0.93, 12.07] | 6 studies · 878 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure in women who also received topical cervical lidocaine spraya,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 79 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with dilation (10 mL 2% lidocaine)a,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 167 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with dilation (20 mL 1% lidocaine)d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with aspiration (lidocaine)a,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 291 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with aspiration (20 mL 1% lidocaine)d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 143 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 209 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 357 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 357 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain with dilationa,b · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 131 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |