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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Indacaterol vs placebo Number of participants with clinically significant improvement in dyspnoea TDI · people with COPD Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.96 [1.73, 2.22] | 8 studies · 4577 participants | High |
Indacaterol vs placebo Number of participants experiencing 1 or more exacerbations · people with COPD Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.81 [0.7, 0.94] | 7 studies · 4807 participants | High |
Indacaterol vs placebo Serious adverse events · people with COPD Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.82, 1.23] | 9 studies · 6065 participants | Moderate |
Indacaterol vs placebo Mortality · people with COPD Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.16, 1.08] | 9 studies · 5694 participants | Moderate |
Indacaterol vs twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists End‐of‐study trough FEV1 mL · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2708 participants | High |
Indacaterol vs twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists Number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in quality of life SGRQ · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.87, 1.32] | 2 studies · 1520 participants | Moderate |
Indacaterol vs twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists Number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in dyspnoea TDI · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.94, 1.32] | 3 studies · 2536 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids ‐ School‐age children · School‐aged children and adults Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.57 [0.29, 1.12] | 1 study · 145 participants | Low |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Quality of Life PedsQL total score · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 143 participants | Low |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Day time asthma score Standardised mean difference · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 364 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Night time asthma score Standardised mean difference · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 364 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Adverse events · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.42, 1.75] | 1 study · 166 participants | Low |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids ‐ adults · School‐aged children and adults Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.1 [0.01, 1.95] | 1 study · 240 participants | Low |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Serious adverse events · School‐aged children and adults Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.14, 7.25] | 2 studies · 385 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Day time asthma score Mean difference · School‐aged children and adults Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 240 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Night time asthma score Mean difference · School‐aged children and adults Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 240 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Adverse events · School‐aged children and adults Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.9 [0.12, 71.96] | 1 study · 243 participants | Low |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.48 [0.31, 0.73] | 4 studies · 490 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Serious adverse events · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.17, 1.02] | 3 studies · 439 participants | Low |
Intermittent ICS vs placebo Hospitalisations · Preschool children Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.23, 2.29] | 3 studies · 327 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Apnoea‐ hypopnoea index (AHI) (events/h) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA… Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA… Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Fall in minimum SpO2 · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA… Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Exacerbation: systemic corticosteroids 17 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.74 [0.83, 3.65] | 4 studies · 1257 participants | Moderate |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Asthma control: ACQ 17 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 645 participants | Moderate |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Serious adverse events 17 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.28, 2.42] | 5 studies · 1342 participants | Moderate |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Asthma‐related quality of life 12 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 359 participants | Moderate |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Exacerbation: hospital 17 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1342 participants | Low |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Adverse events (all) · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.66, 1.05] | 5 studies · 1339 participants | Moderate |
Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS Withdrawal (all) · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.95 [1.47, 2.58] | 5 studies · 1352 participants | Moderate |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone Exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (OCS) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.65 [0.46, 0.93] | 4 studies · 2277 participants | High |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone Quality of life (AQLQ) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1713 participants | High |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone All‐cause serious adverse events 24 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.6 [0.23, 1.57] | 5 studies · 2562 participants | Low |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone Exacerbations requiring hospital admission 24 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.12, 1.47] | 5 studies · 2562 participants | Moderate |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone Lung function ‐ trough FEV1 (L, change from baseline) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2459 participants | High |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone Asthma control (ACQ) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1916 participants | Moderate |
LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone Any adverse events 24 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS alone Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.8, 1.14] | 5 studies · 2562 participants | Low |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase Exacerbations requiring a course of OCSa 14 weeks · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.57 [0.22, 1.43] | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase AQLQ score (Scale 1 to 7, where 1 = severely impaired and 7 = no impairment) · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase SAEs (all cause) · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.2, 5.09] | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase Exacerbations requiring hospitalisation 14 weeks · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.06, 16.24] | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase Exacerbations requiring ED visit 14 weeks · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.49 [0.09, 2.77] | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase FEV1 pre‐albuterol (L) · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Moderate |
ICS + LAMA add‐on vs ICS dose increase ACQ score Scale = 0 to 6 (0 = no impairment; 6 = maximum impairment) · adults with asthma Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on Exacerbations (OCS) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.05 [0.5, 2.18] | 3 studies · 1755 participants | Low |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on AQLQ total 1 = severely impaired; 7 = not impaired at all 22 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1745 participants | High |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on Serious adverse events 22 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.41, 1.73] | 4 studies · 2012 participants | Low |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on Exacerbations (hospital) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.18, 2.92] | 4 studies · 2022 participants | Very low |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on Trough FEV1 (L) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1745 participants | Moderate |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on ACQ total 0 = no impairment; 6 = maximum impairment 23 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1483 participants | High |