Periodontitis / periodontal disease and periodontal parameters · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users appear more likely to develop periodontal disease and worse periodontal parameters than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette use associated with increased risk of periodontal and gingival disease and worse periodontal parameters vs non-smokers (Tattar, Shabil, Figueredo, Yang [23,24,30,31]); no pooled…
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Enamel/dental hard-tissue changes and e-liquid cariogenic properties (demineralization, colour change, pH, sugar content, metals) · Oral bacteria (streptococci), dental hard tissue (enamel/dentin) and e-liquids studied in vitro/ex vivo (with a few clinical microbiome…
In vitro evidence suggests e-liquids are often acidic and sugar-containing and can alter enamel/dentin colour and properties, supporting a plausible cariogenic effect, but findings are heterogeneous and not pooled (ungraded, narrative).
1 finding from 1 review
Cariogenic and commensal oral bacteria (S. mutans and commensal streptococci growth, adhesion, biofilm) · Oral bacteria (streptococci), dental hard tissue (enamel/dentin) and e-liquids studied in vitro/ex vivo (with a few clinical microbiome…
Most in vitro studies indicate e-cigarette aerosol/e-liquid (especially flavored/high-concentration) disrupts normal oral flora and favors cariogenic S. mutans growth and biofilm, plausibly increasing caries risk; not pooled (ungraded, narrative).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Nicotine tapering · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine tapering (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine patch (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention leads to higher nicotine patch (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention leads to higher fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐nicotine/placebo EC (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke
It is very uncertain whether reduction and pharmacotherapy changes subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking cessation · young people
It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes nicotine patch + bupropion vs nicotine patch + placebo Smoking… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events (control ‐ placebo) · young people
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Cessation: Low‐nicotine cigarettes vs regular cigarettes · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes cessation: Low‐nicotine cigarettes vs regular cigarettes (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy self‐report · Smokers treated by health professionals
The intervention showed no clear difference in number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke
Cytisine may leads to higher smoking abstinence at longest compared with nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SAEs · people who smoke
It is very uncertain whether cytisine changes SAEs compared with nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who smoke
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Cardiac SAEs · people who smoke
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke
Varenicline leads to higher smoking abstinence at longest compared with nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review