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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

179 questions · 185 findings · 25 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 20 · 10.8%GRADE not reported 14 · 7.6%Very low 45 · 24.3%Low 59 · 31.9%Moderate 37 · 20%High 10 · 5.4%

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among all randomised)

Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · very low birth weight preterm neonates

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) showed no clear difference in CLD at 36 weeks' PMA oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' PMA compared with placebo (among all randomised) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among all randomised)

Death by, or CLD at, 36 weeks' PMA Death or oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' PMA · very low birth weight preterm neonates

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) probably leads to lower death by, or CLD at, 36 weeks' PMA Death or oxygen dependency at 36… compared with placebo (among all randomised) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Mortality Mortality at latest · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

BPD (36 weeks' PMA) · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids probably leads to lower BPD (36 weeks' PMA) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to lower mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Gastrointestinal perforation during primary hospitalisation · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to higher gastrointestinal perforation during primary hospitalisation compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Cerebral palsy · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to higher cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Death or cerebral palsy · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids

Growth during the first month of life · preterm born neonates
3 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm born neonates

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental outcome assessed by any standard tool compared with late amino acids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up

Cognitive outcome · preterm infants
3 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up

Motor outcome at school age (Griffiths Locomotor, MABC) · preterm infants
2 findings from 1 review

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Early paracetamol may leads to lower failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review